This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Space Radiation Environment and Its Measurement - From the Mercury Spacecraft to the Mars Mission
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
From the earliest uses of active and passive radiation instrumentation on the Mercury-Atlas missions (MA-8 and MA-9) to our current planning for the space station and exploration missions, space radiation measurement systems have undergone a myriad of significant changes. Systems to measure the radiation environment for the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and Shuttle are described and discussed. Measurements from instrumentation used on these programs have shown that the space radiation environment, both in low-Earth orbit and in free space, is both temporally and spatially dynamic - resulting in changes in analytical models, measurement philosophies and systems, and mission planning activities. Three decades of experiences in the prediction and measurement of space radiation on manned spacecraft are examined, with emphasis on current and future radiation measurement systems, radiation environment predictive capabilities, and exposure standards and uncertainties. Expected radiation environments of a Lunar Base and a typical Mars mission are discussed, as are descriptions of the radiation environmental monitoring systems that are proposed to support those missions.
Citation
Richmond, R., "The Space Radiation Environment and Its Measurement - From the Mercury Spacecraft to the Mars Mission," SAE Technical Paper 941614, 1994, https://doi.org/10.4271/941614.Also In
References
- Vette, James 1966 “Models of the Trapped Radiation Environment,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD NASA SP-3024
- Sawyer, Donald M. Vette James 1976 “AP-8 Trapped Proton Environment for Solar Maximum and Solar Minimum,” National Space Sciences Data Center NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD
- Warren, Carlos S. Gill William L. 1964 “Radiation Dosimetry Aboard the spacecraft of the Eighth Mercury-Atlas Mission (MA-8),” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center Houston, TX NASA Technical Note D-1862
- Warren, Carlos S. Baker Benny R. 1964 “Radiation Measurements on the Ninth Mercury-Atlas Mission (MA-9),” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center Houston, TX NASA Technical Note D-2608
- Richmond, Robert G. 1972 “Radiation Dosimetry for the Gemini Program,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center [now the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center] Houston, TX NASA Technical Note D-6695
- Schaefer, Herman J. Sullivan J. J. 1966 Radiation Monitoring with Nuclear Emulsions on Project Gemini I Experimental Design and Evaluation Procedures NASA CR-75036
- Schaefer, Herman J. Sullivan J. J. 1967 Radiation Monitoring with Nuclear Emulsions on Project Gemini II Results on the 14-Day Mission Gemini VII NASA CR-83543
- Stovall, Robert L. Case, Roger S. Jr. Janni Joseph F. Schneider Marion F. 1968 “A Comparison of Measured to Calculated Dose for the Gemini-IV and VI Space Flights and WL-304 Space Probe,” Proceedings of the Special Session on Protection Against Space Radiation 13th Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear Society San Diego, CA June 11-15 1967 NASA SP-169
- Mcllwain, C. E. 1961 “Coordinates for Mapping the Distribution of Magnetically Trapped Particles,” Journal of Geophysical Research 66
- Schneider, Marion F. Janni, Joseph F. 1966 “Experiment D8: Radiation in Spacecraft,” U.S. Air Force Weapons Laboratory Report SSD-TR-66-115
- Janni, Joseph F. 1967 “Measurement of Spacecraft Cabin Distributions for the Fourth and Sixth Gemini Flights,” U. S. Air Force Weapons Laboratory Report AFWL-TR-65-149
- Reagan, J. B. Heinemann M. A. Bakke J. C. Imhof W. L. 1968 “Detailed Analysis of Radiation Data from the Gemini IV and Gemini VII Proton-Electron Spectrometer Experiments,” Final Report, Contract NAS 9-7030 Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
- Richmond, Robert G. Davis William G. Lill Joseph C. Warren Carlos S. 1968 “Radiation Dosimetry for Manned Spaceflight,” Proceedings of the Special Session on Protection Against Space Radiation 13th Annual Meeting of the American Nuclear Society San Diego, CA June 11-15 1967 NASA SP- 169
- Robbins, Donald, E. Petrov V. Schimmerling W. 1994 “Risks to Humans from Ionizing Space Radiation,” Chapter in Special Report of Committee 75
- Richmond, R. G. 1969 “A Review of Gemini and Apollo Astronaut Dosimetry Data.” Aerospace Medicine 40 12 December
- Warren, C. S. Lill J. C. Richmond R. G. Davis W. G. 1968 “Radiation Dosimetry on the Gemini and Apollo Missions.” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 2
- Atwell, W. 1979 “Dosimetry in the Manned Space Program,” International Solar-terrestrial Predictions Proceedings 2. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories Boulder, CO
- General Dynamics/Fort Worth Division 1968 “Apollo Radiation Survey Meter and Person Radiation Dosimeter,” Final Report No. FZK 353, Contract NAS9-6287 with the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center [now the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center] Houston TX
- Richmond, Robert G. Hardy Alva C. 1994 “The Use of Passive Radiation Dosimeters in Monitoring the Space Radiation Environment,” conference
- Badhwar, Gautam D. Konradi Andrei Hardy Alva C. Braby Leslie A. 1992 “Active Dosimetric Measurements on Shuttle Flights,” Nucl. Tracks Rad. Meas. 20 1 13 20
- Robbins, Donald E. Badhwar Gautam D. 1993 “Trapped Belt Variations and Their Effects on Human Space Flights,” 44th International Astronautical Congress Graz, Austria October 16-20 1993
- Golightly, M. J. Hardy K. Quan W. 1994 “Radiation Dosimetry Measurements During U.S. Space Shuttle Missions with the RME-III,” Radiation Measurements
- Richmond, Robert G. Badhwar Gautam D. Cash Bernard L. Atwell William 1986 “Measurement of Differential Proton Spectra Onboard the Space Shuttle Using a Thermoluminescent Dosimetry System,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods Physics A256 393 406
- Robbins, Donald E. 1994 “Radiation Health in Space,” conference
- Badhwar, Gautam D. Hardy Alva C. McKay David S. Yang Tracy C. Waligora James M. Abbott Bruce Richmond Robert G. 1993 “Radiation Assessment: Status and Issues for the First Lunar Outpost Mission,” JSC Trade Study FLO-92 27