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Dynamics of Four-Wheel-Steer Off-Highway Vehicles
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Abstract
Off road vehicle dynamics present fundamental differences to the engineer than those of highway vehicles. In this work, we examine off-road dynamics for a class of industrial vehicles: front-end loaders.
After a review of terramechanics and off-road tire behavior, equations of motion for a front-end loader are developed. Kinematic steering relationships, steady-state performance and understeer and oversteer characteristics are also derived. Off-road front-end loader characteristics and performance in terms of vehicle handling, overturn behavior and obstacle avoidance are presented, and some design characteristics and parameter values for a typical vehicle are given to aid the designer in analysis and synthesis.
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Metz, L., "Dynamics of Four-Wheel-Steer Off-Highway Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 930765, 1993, https://doi.org/10.4271/930765.Also In
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