Real-Time Soot Concentration Measurement Technique for Engine Exhaust Streams

Authors

• David L. Hofeldt

Topic

• Diesel / compression ignition engines
• Particulate matter (PM)

Citation

Also In

References

1. Eckbreth A. C. “Experimental Diagnostics in Gas Phase Combustion Systems,” Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut. 53 517 547 1977
2. Eckbreth A. C. “Effects of Laser-Modulated Particulate Incandescence on Raman Scattering Diagnostics,” J. Appl. Phys. 48 4873 4879 1977
3. Dasch C. J. “Spatially Resolved Soot-Absorption Measurements in Flames Using Laser Vaporization of Particles,” Opt. Lett. 9 214 216 1984
4. Dasch C. J. “New Soot Diagnostics in Flames Based on Laser Vaporization of Soot,” Twentieth Symp. (Intl.) on Combustion The Combustion Institute Pittsburgh, PA 1231 1237 1984
5. Dasch C. J. “Continuous-Wave Probe Laser Investigation of Laser Vaporization of Small Soot Particles in a Flame,” Applied Optics 23 2209 2215 1984
6. Melton L. A. “Soot Diagnostics Based on Laser Heating,” Applied Optics 23 2201 2208 1984
7. Dec J. E. “Soot Distribution in a D.I. Diesel Engine Using 2-D Imaging of Laser-Induced Incandescence, Elastic Scattering, and Flame Luminosity,” SAE Paper 920115 1992
8. Dec J. E. zur Loye A. O. Siebers D. L. “Soot Distribution in a D.I. Diesel Engine Using 2-D Laser-Induced Incandescence Imaging,” SAE Paper 910224 1991
9. Adams, K. M. “Real-Time in situ Measurements of Atmospheric Optical Absorption in the Visible Via Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. 1: Evaluation of Photoacoustic Cells,” Appl. Opt. 27 4052 4056 1988
10. Adams, K. M. Davis, L. I. J. Jr. Japar S. M. Pierson W. R. “Real-Time in situ Measurements of Atmospheric Optical Absorption in the Visible Via Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. II: Validation for Atmospheric Elemental Carbon Aerosol,” Atmos. Env. 23 693 700 1989
11. Bohren, C. F. Huffman, D. R. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles 123 126 John Wiley and Sons New York 1983
12. McCoy B. J. Cha C. Y. “Transport Phenomena in the Rarefied Gas Transition Regime,” Chem. Engr. Sci. 29 381 388 1973
13. Chapman S. Cowling T. G. Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases 3rd Cambridge University Press 249 1970
14. Bird R. B. Stewart W. E. Lightfoot E. N. Transport Phenomena John Wiley and Sons New York 510 528 648 1960
15. Stull, V. R. Plass, G. N. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50 121 129 1960
16. Dalzell, W. H. Sarofim, A. F. “Optical Constants of Soot and their Application to Heat-Flux Calculations,” Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer 91 1969
17. Lee, S. C. Tien, C. L. “Optical Constants of Soot in Hydrocarbon Flames,” Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion 1159 1166 The Combustion Institute Pittsburgh, PA 1981
18. Chang, H. Charalampopoulos, T. T. “Determination of the Wavelength Dependence of Refractive Indices of Flame Soot,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 430 577 591 1990
19. Charalampopoulos, T. T. Chang, H. Stagg, B. “The Effects of Temperature and Composition on the Complex Refractive Index of Flame Soot,” Fuel 68 1173 1179 1989
20. Scherrer, H. C. Kittelson, D. B. Dolan, D. F. “Light Absorption Measurements of Diesel Particulate Matter,” SAE Paper 810181 1981
21. Kittelson, D. B. Kadue, P. A. Scherrer, H. C. Lovrien, R. E. “Characterization of Diesel Particles in the Atmosphere,” final report to Coordinating Research Council 1988
22. Bonczyk, P. A. “Measurement of Particulate Size by in situ Laser-Optical Methods: A Critical Evaluation Applied to Fuel-Pyrolyzed Carbon,” Comb. & Flame 35 1979
23. Roessler, D. M. Faxvog, F. R. Stevenson, R. Smith, G. W. “Optical Properties and Morphology of Particulate Carbon: Variation with Air/Fuel Ratio,” Particulate Carbon Formation During Combustion Siegla D. C. Smith G. W. 57 89 Plenum Press New York 1981
24. Chylek, P. Ramaswamy, V. Cheng, R. Pinnick, R. G. “Optical Properties and Mass Concentration of Carbonaceous Smokes,” Appl. Opt. 20 2980 2985 1981
25. D'Alessio, A. “Laser Light Scattering and Fluorescence Diagnostics of Rich Flames Produced by Gaseous and Liquid Fuels,” Particulate Carbon Formation During Combustion, Siegla D. C. Smith G. W. 207 259 Plenum Press New York 1981
26. Menna, P. D'Alessio, A. “Light Scattering and Extinction Coefficients for Soot Forming Flames in the Wavelength Range from 200 nm to 600 nm,” Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion 1421 1428 The Comb Inst. Pittsburgh, PA 1983
27. Berry, M. V. Percival, I. C. “Optics of Fractal Clusters Such as Smoke,” Opt. Acta 33 577 591 1986
28. Drolen, B. L. Tien, C. L. “Absorption and Scattering of Agglomerated Soot Particulate,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 37 433 448 1987
29. Iskander, M. F. Chen, H. Y. Penner, J. E. “Optical Scattering and Absorption by Branched Chains of Aerosols,” Appl. Opt. 28 3083 3091 1989
30. Hinds, W. C. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles John Wiley and Sons New York 83 87 1982
31. Incropera, F. P. DeWitt, D. P. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer John Wiley and Sons New York 767 775 779 1981
32. Leider H. R. Kuckovian O. H. Young D. A. “Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon up to the Critical Point,” Carbon 11 555 1973
33. Kittelson, D. B. Ambs J. L. Hadjkacem J. “Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines: Influence of In-Cylinder Surface,” 1990 Transactions of the SAE J. of Engines SAE Paper 900645 1990
34. Ferguson, C. R. Chapman M. Kizawa H. Nash R. F. “Diesel Exhaust Opacity: At the Port and a Meter Downstream,” SAE Paper 831724 1983
35. Pipho, M. J. “Total Cylinder Sampling from a Diesel Engine,” University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 1990

Cited By