This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Gasoline Additives - When and Why
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Additives have been used commercially in the United States (U.S.) since 1923 to enhance the performance of motor gasoline or to solve deficiencies. As time has passed, new additives have appeared and old additives have disappeared. A review of the technical literature and oil industry periodicals was undertaken to determine when an additive was introduced and by what company. A description of the benefits provided or problem solved by the use of each additive is also presented. This paper provides a historical record based on published literature of when, why, and by whom gasoline additives were first used.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Gibbs, L., "Gasoline Additives - When and Why," SAE Technical Paper 902104, 1990, https://doi.org/10.4271/902104.Also In
References
- Webster's New World Dictionary Third Simon and Schuster Inc. 1988
- Gruse W. A. Stevens D. R. Chemical Technology of Petroleum 438 Third McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1960
- Smith N. A. C. “Motor Gasoline Survey,” Bureau of Mines July 1920
- Lane E. C. Taylor S. S. Wilhelm C. J. “Twentieth Semi-Annual Motor Gasoline Survey,” U.S. Bureau of Mines September 1929
- Shelton Ella Mae Whisman M. L. Woodward P. W. “Trends in Motor Gasolines: 1942-1981,” DOE/BETC/RI-82/4 Bartlesville Energy Technology Center June 1982
- Nixon A. C. “Autoxidation and Antioxidants of Petroleum,” Autoxidation and Antioxidants Lundberg W. O. Interscience Publishers 1962
- Edgar G. Beatty H. A. “Fuel Additives: Problems and Progress,” Symposium sponsored by the Division of Petroleum Chemistry of the American Chemical Society September 12-15 1955
- Felt A. E. Sumner H. C. “Gasoline Additives-A Review for Engineers,” SAE Paper 221A September 1960
- Collings H. E. Squerciati E. C. “Additives for Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels,” SAE Paper 221B September 1960
- Larson C. M. Larson R. “Additives for Petroleum Products,” 2 6 Petroleum Products Handbook Guthrie V. B. McGraw-Hill Book Company 1960
- Asseff P. A. “Multifunctional Gasoline Additives Reduce Engine Deposits,” SAE Paper 660543 August 1966
- Polss P. “What Additives Do For Gasoline,” Hydrocarbon Processing 52 2 61 February 1973
- Barusch M. R. Macpherson J. H. Amberg G. H. “Additives, Engine Fuel,” 2 Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Desion McKetta J. J. Cunningham W. A. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1977
- Cummings W. M. “Fuel and Lubricant Additives-I,” Lubrication 63 1 1977
- Tupa R. C. Dorer C. J. “Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Additives for Performance/Distribution/Quality,” SAE Paper 841211 September 1984 SAE Transactions 93
- Tupa R. C. Dorer C. J. “Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Additives for Performance/Distribution/Quality-II,” SAE Paper 861179 September 1986 SAE Transactions 95
- Gibbs L. M. “Additives Boost Gasoline Quality,” Oil and Gas Journal 87 17 60 April 24 1989 “Understanding Gasoline Additives,” Automotive Engineering 98 1 43 January 1990
- Roberts J. C. Ethyl: A History of the Corporation and the People Who Made It University Press of Virginia 1983
- Nickerson S. P. “Tetraethyl Lead: A Product of American Research,” Journal of Chemical Education 31 560 November 1954
- Raymond Leonard “Today's Fuels and Lubricants-and How They Got That Way,” Automotive Engineering 88 10 October 1980
- Midgley, Thomas Jr. “Preventing Compression Knocking of Motor Fuels,” December 30 1930
- Gruse W. A. Motor Fuels, Performance and Testing Reinhold Publishing Corp. 1967
- Sloan, A. P. Jr. My Years with General Motors Macfadden-Bartell Corp. 1967
- “The Use of Tetraethyl Lead Gasoline in its Relation to Public Health,” Public Health Bulletin No. 163 Washington, D.C. June 1926
- “Public Health Aspects of Increasing Tetraethyl Lead Content in Motor Fuel,” Public Health Service Publication No. 712 Washington, D.C. 1959
- Dickson Cheryl L. Woodward P. W. Bjugstad P. L. “Trends of Petroleum Fuels, 1987,” NIPER-309 National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research December 1987
- Dickson Cheryl L. Woodward P. W. “Motor Gasolines, Winter 1987-88, Summer 1988, Winter 1988-89 and Summer 1989,” NIPER-155 88/3, -158 89/1, -160 89/3, -163 90/1 June 1988 May 1989 August 1989 February 1990
- Code of Federal Regulations July 1 1979 July 1 1989 Federal Register Environmental Protection Agency 44 178 53144 September 12 1979
- Brief Passenger Car Data-1956 Ethyl Corporation January 1 1956
- Stormant D. H. “SOCAL Jilts Ethyl for Methyl,” Oil and Gas Journal 58 18 74 May 2 1960
- Richardson W. L. Barusch M. R. Kautsky G. J. Steinke R. E. “Tetramethyllead-An Improved Antidetonant,” Journal Chemical and Engineering Data 6 2 305 April 1961 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 53 305 April 1961
- Thompson J. W. Johnson F. E. “Evaluation of Alkylated p-(p-Nitrophenylazo) Anilines as Gasoline Dyes,” Symposium sponsored by the Division of Petroleum Chemistry of the American Chemical Society September 12-15 1955
- Egloff G. Faragher W. F. Morrell J. C. “Stabilization of Knock Rating, Gums, and Color of Gasoline by Chemical Inhibitors,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 18 354 112 1926
- “Chemical Inhibitors Stabilize Gasoline Color and Knock Rating; Retard Gum,” National Petroleum News 49 40 40 December 4 1929
- Pedersen C. J. “Mechanism of Antioxidant Action in Gasoline,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 48 10 1881 October 1956
- 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards 05.01 Philadelphia, PA 1989
- Unruh E. W. Watkins F. M. “Rust Prevention,” Oil and Gas Journal 47 63 June 17 1948
- Kleinheksel S. Lawrence P. Nelson F. L. “The Performance of an Oil Soluble Anti-Rust Agent in Products Pipe Lines,” API Subcommittee on Pipeline Technology Philadelphia, PA May 10 1954
- “Motor Gasolines,” Technical Publication Chevron Research and Technology Company July 1990
- Neudeck J. E. “Gasoline Fuel Containing Dimethyl Carbinol and Solvent Oil,” December 25 1951
- Kunc J. F. Haworth J. P. Hickok J. E. “A New Look at Motor Gasoline Quality-Carburetor Icing Tendency,” SAE Annual Meeting Detroit January 9 1951 “Additives Eliminate Automobile Carburetor Icing,” SAE Journal 59 8 August 1951
- Steinke R. E. Sigworth H. W. “De-Icers Prove Effective in Field Tests,” SAE Paper 86V August 1959 SAE Journal 67 11 56 November 1959
- Sigworth H. W. Payne J. Q. “The Cause and Correction of Carburetor Gumming,” SAE Paper 405 November 1954
- Barusch M. R. Mingle J. C. Payne J. Q. Sigworth H. W. “The World's First Detergent Action Gasoline (With 36 Years of Perspective),” SAE Paper 900149 February 1990
- Zimmerman A. A. Furlong L. E. Shannon H. F. “Improved Fuel Distribution-A New Role for Gasoline Additives,” SAE Paper 720082 January 1972 SAE Transactions 81
- France W. D. “Automotive Gasoline-Quality Fuel or Commodity,” NPRA Paper AM-86-31 National Petroleum Refiners Association March 1986
- Tupa R. C. “Today's Gasoline Concerns-Injector Plugging and Valve Seat Wear,” NPRA Paper AM-86-21 National Petroleum Refiners Association March 1986
- Taniguchi B. Y. Peyla R. J. Parsons G. M. Hoekman S. K. Voss D. A. “Injector Deposits-The Tip of Intake System Deposit Problems,” SAE Paper 861534 October 1986
- Burnham H. D. “The Role of Tricresyl Phosphate in Gasoline For the Control of Ignition and Combustion Problems,” Symposium sponsored by the Division of Petroleum Chemistry of the American Chemical Society September 12-15 1955
- “Shell Oil Develops TCP, New Gasoline Additive,” Oil and Gas Journal 52 20 479 May 18 1953
- Hall C. A. Beaubier R. C. Courtney R. L. “Spark Plug Fouling: A Survey-Test Procedures,” SAE Paper 52 January 1957 SAE Journal 65 9 60 August 1957
- Godfrey D. Courtney R. L. “Investigation of the Mechanism of Exhaust Valve Seat Wear in Engines Run on Unleaded Gasoline,” SAE Paper 710356 January 1971 SAE Transactions 80
- “Boron Boosts Octane,” Oil and Gas Journal 54 41 93 February 13 1956
- Hughes E. C. Fay P. S. Tupa R. C. “Effect Of Boron Compounds on Combustion Process,” Symposium sponsored by the Division of Petroleum Chemistry of the American Chemical Society September 12-15 1955
- Schoen W. F. Pontious R. C. “New Gasoline Additive Improves Engine Performance,” SAE Paper 650941 October 1964
- McChesney J. M. “Ethyl MMT Durability Testing,” Ethyl Corporation November 1984
- “Additive Provides Protection, Pays Off in Octane Boost,” The Oil Daily 8 791 4 February 9 1987
- Faggan J. E. Bailie J. D. Desmond E. W. Lenane D. L. “An Evaluation of Manganese as an Antiknock in Unleaded Gasoline,” SAE Paper 750925 October 1975 SAE Transactions 84
- “CRC MMT Field Test Program,” CRC Report No. 503 Coordinating Research Council June 1979
- “EPA Rejects Request to Waive MMT Ban,” Oil and Gas Journal 76 38 76 September 18 1978
- Leeper T. A Burns A. M. “HiTEC 3000-An Octane Additive for the Future,” NPRA Paper AM-90-44 National Petroleum Refiners Association March 1990
- Petrolite Corporation
- Amberg G. H. Craig W. S. “Gasoline Detergents Control Intake System Deposits,” SAE Paper 554D August 1962
- Sheahan T. A. Dorer, C. J. Jr. Miller C. O. “Detergent-Dispersant Fuel Performance and Handling,” SAE Paper 690516 May 1969
- Kipp K. L. Ingamells J. C. Richardson W. L. Davis C. E. “Ability of Gasoline Additives to Clean Engines and Reduce Exhaust Emissions,” SAE Paper 700456 May 1970
- Houser D. W. Irwin R. F. Painter L. J. Amberg G. H. “Field Tests Show Gasoline Deposit Control Additives Effective in Emission Reduction,” APCA Paper 71-83 June-July 1971
- Hall D. W. Gibbs L. M. “Carburetor Deposits-Are Clean Throttle Bodies Enough?” SAE Paper 760752 October 1976
- Orrin D. S. Miner W. R. Kipp K. L. “Unleaded Gasoline-Lubricant Requirements and Fuel Additive Performance,” SAE Paper 720689 August 1972 SAE Transactions 81
- “Influence of Leaded and Unleaded Gasoline on Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars,” CRC Report No. 444 Coordinating Research Council March 1971
- Gibbs L. M. Lewis R. A. Voss D. A. Jones D. R. “Chevron Experience with a New Deposit Control Gasoline,” NPRA Paper FL-79-109 National Petroleum Refiners Association November 1979
- Lewis R. A. Newhall H. K. Peyla R. J. Voss D. A. Welstand J. S. “A New Concept in Engine Deposit Control Additives for Unleaded Gasoline,” SAE of Japan Paper 830938 November 1983
- Tupa R. C. Koehler D. E. “Gasoline Port Fuel Injectors-Keep Clean/Clean Up with Additives,” SAE Paper 861536 October 1986
- Benson J. D. Yaccarino P. A. “The Effects of Fuel Composition and Additives on Multiport Fuel Injector Deposits,” SAE Paper 861533 October 1986 SAE Transactions 95
- Gething J. A. “Performance-Robbing Aspects of Intake Valve and Port Deposits,” SAE Paper 872116 November 1987
- Niewhauve B. Giere G. Gondermann H. “Requirements for Modern Gasoline Additives and Their Testing,” Journal Erdol und Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochemie Compendium 78 79 649 674
- Bitting W. H. Ziwca K. H. Kothe N. Kohlhepp W. Testroet C. J. Gschwendtner F. “Intake Valve Deposits Fuel Detergency Requirements Revisited,” SAE Paper 872117 November 1987
- “Proceedings of the CRC Workshop on Intake Valve Deposits,” Coordinating Research Council August 22-24 1989
- Paul J. K. Ethyl Alcohol Production and Use as a Motor Fuel Noyes Data Corporation 1979
- Guetens E. G. DeJovine J. M. Yogis G. J. “The Use of Oxinol Blending Component, Blends of Methanol and GTBA, in Gasoline,” NPRA Paper AM-82-57 National Petroleum Refiners Association March 1982
- “Alcohols and Ethers-A Technical Assessment of Their Application as Fuels and Fuel Components,” API Publication 4264 Second American Petroleum Institute July 1988
- Keller J. L. Nakaguchi G. M. Ware J. C. “Methanol Fuel Modification for Highway Vehicle Use,” HCP/W3683-18 U.S. Department of Energy July 1978
- Hobbs E. M. Kersey V. L. “Test Vehicle Experience with Ethanol-Extended Fuels-Driveability and Corrosion,” API Fifty-First Midyear Meeting May 13 1986
- Malakar J. J. Retzloff J. B. Gibbs L. M. “Throttle Body Deposits-The CRC Carburetor Cleanliness Test Procedure,” SAE Paper 831708 October-November 1983
- Gibbs L. M. Horn J. C. Gilbert B. J. “Three Years Fleet Experience with Gasohol,” NPRA Paper AM-84-22 National Petroleum Refiners Association March 1984
- Squire E. C. “Role of Corrosion Inhibitors in the Viability of Octane from Ethanol-Blending,” National Conference on Octane and Oxygenates March 21-23 1989
- Culter J. D. McClaffin G. G. “Method of Friction Loss Reduction in Oleaginous Fluids Flowing Through Conduits,” September 19 1972
- “Proceedings of the CRC Workshop on Pipeline Drag Reducing Additives and Their Impact on Fuel Product Quality,” Coordinating Research Council November 29-30 1988