This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Finite Element Analysis of Traumatic Subdural Hematoma
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A two-dimensional finite element model of the head of a rhesus monkey was built to simulate the head acceleration experiments done by Gennarelli and his colleagues. The purposes of the study were to better understand the mechanisms of traumatic subdural hematoma and to estimate its threshold of occurrence.
The brain was treated as an isotropic homogeneous elastic material with and without structural damping and the skull was treated as a rigid shell. To simulate Abel et al.'s (1) experiments, the head was subjected to an enforced forward rotation around the neck. The loading had an initial acceleration phase followed by deceleration. During both acceleration and deceleration phases, high shear stress (and thus strain) occurred at the vertex, where the parasagittal bridging veins are located. The deformation of the bridging vein depended on its orientation relative to the direction of impact. Bridging veins that drain forward into the superior sagittal sinus would be stretched during the acceleration phase and would be compressed during deceleration. Therefore, subdural hematoma may have occurred during the acceleration phase in the primate experiments, in contrast to Gennarelli and Thibault's (2) belief that this phase could be neglected in analyzing the subdural hematoma data.
The head motion could be reduced to equivalent rotational and translational components at the head center of mass. With a brain Poisson's ratio of 0.475, both components contributed equally to bridging vein deformation. At a Poisson's ratio of 0.49, rotational acceleration was the dominant factor. Translational acceleration, although less important, did influence deformations and should not be neglected in analyzing the tolerance data of subdural hematoma.
The primate subdural hematoma data were replotted in terms of peak angular vs. peak tangential accelerations. The combined effects of tangential and angular accelerations on bridging vein deformation, as determined at the lower levels of test severity from the finite element analysis, were used to estimate tolerance thresholds for subdural hematoma in the experiments.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Lee, M., Melvin, J., and Ueno, K., "Finite Element Analysis of Traumatic Subdural Hematoma," SAE Technical Paper 872201, 1987, https://doi.org/10.4271/872201.Also In
References
- Abel, J.M. Gennarelli T.A. Segawa H. 1978 Incidence and severity of cerebral concussion in the rhesus monkey following sagittal plane angular acceleration Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 35 53 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, Pa.
- Gennarelli, T.A. Thibault L.E. 1982 Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma J. Trauma 22 680 686
- Gennarelli, T.A. Spielman G.M. et al. 1982 Influence of the the of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury J. Neurosurg. 56 26 32
- Seelig, J.M. Becker D.P. et al. 1981 Traumatic acute subdural hematoma N. Engl. J. Med. 304 1511 1518
- Gurdjian, E.S. 1975 Impact Head Injury Springfield, IL Thomas
- Cooper, P.R. 1982 Post-traumatic intracranial mass lesions Head Injury Cooper P.E. Baltimore Williams & Wilkins 185 232
- Unterharnscheidt, F. 1983 Neuropathology of rhesus monkeys undergoing -G x impact acceleration Impact Injury of the Head and Spine Ewing C.L. Thomas D.J. Sances, A. Jr. Larson S.J. Springfield, Illinois Thomas 94 176
- Esselink, L. Hegman R.A. Saputo J. 1983 Structural modeling using graphics (SMUG) General Motors Engineering Staff Report No. CPE-7613R4
- Gockel, M.A. 1983 MSC/Nastran Handbook for Dynamic Analysis Los Angeles MacNeal-Schwendler Corp. 3.5 6
- Bergland, G.D. 1969 A guided tour of the fast Fourier transform IEEE Spectrum 6 41 52
- Khalil, T.B. Viano D.C. 1982 Critical issues in finite element modeling of head impact Proc. 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference 87 102 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, Pa.
- Nusholtz, G.S. Ward, C.C. 1986 Comparison of Epidural Pressure in Live Anesthetized and Postmortem Primates Journal of Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine
- Holbourn, A.H.S. 1943 Mechanics of head injuries Lancet 2 438 441
- Holbourn, A.H.S. 1945 The mechanics of brain injuries Br. Med. Bull. 3 147 149
- Pudenz, R.H. Shelden C.H. 1946 The lucite calvarium - A method for direct observation of the brain. II. Cranial trauma and brain movement J. Neurosurg. 3 487 505
- Gosch, H.H. Gooding E. Schneider R.C. 1970 The lexan calvarium for the study of cerebral responses to acute trauma J. Trauma 10 370 376
- Hodgson, V.R. Thomas L.M. 1979 Acceleration induced shear strains in a monkey brain hemisection Proc. 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference 587 611 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, Pa.
- O'Connell, J.E.A. 1934 Some observation on the cerebral veins Brain 57 484 503
- Capra, N.F. Anderson K.V. 1984 Anatomy of the cerebral venous system The Cerebral Venous System and its Disorders Kapp J. P. Schmidek H.H. Orlando, FL Grune & Stratton 1 36
- Oka, K. A. Rhoton L. Barry M. Rodriguez R. 1985 Microsurgical anatomy of the superficial veins of the cerebrum Neurosurgery 17 711 748
- Lee, M.-C. Haut R.C. 1985 Biomechanics of traumatic subdural hematoma: Tensile failure of the human parasagittal bridging vein General Motors Research Publication GMR-5223
- Hirakawa, K. Hashizume K. Fuchinoue T. Takahashi H. Nomura K. Matsutani M. Sano K. 1972 Statistical analysis of chronic subdural hematoma in 309 adult cases Neurologia, Medica-Chirurgica 12 71 83
- Fruin, A.H. Juhl G.L. Taylon C. 1984 Interhemispheric subdural hematoma J. Neurosurg. 60 1300 1302
- Aoki, N. Masuzawa H. 1984 Infantile acute subdural hematoma - Clinical analysis of 26 cases J. Neurosurg. 61 273 280
- Margulies, S.S. Thibault L.E. Gennarelli T.A. 1985 A study of scaling and head injury criteria using physical model experiments Proc. 1985 International IRCOBI/AAAM Conference on the Biomechanics of impacts 223 234
- Newman, J.A. 1986 A generalized acceleration model for brain injury threshold 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 121 131