Learning from Child Protection Devices and Concepts from Outside of the United States

Authors

• Carl C. Clark

Topic

• Child restraint systems
• Head
• Knee
• Neck
• Leg
• Children
• Evacuation and escape
• Glass
• Seats and seating
• Infants

Citation

Also In

References

1. Bureau of the Census Statistical Abstracts of the United States, page 856, 1982-83 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.
2. Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 1983 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association Detroit, Michigan 1983
3. National Center for Statistics and Analysis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatal Accident Reporting System 1981. Report DOT-HS-806 251 January 1983 available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.
4. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213, Child restraint systems, seat belt assemblies, and anchorages. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Chapter V (Transportation), Part 571.213 (briefly 49 CFR 571.213). This is available with all NHTSA regulations in one volume (containing parts 400-999) of this many volume set from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Requirements for the importation of child restraints or other devices covered by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are given in 49 CFR 551.45, Service of Process; Agents, and in the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, United States Code, volume 15. section 1397 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.
5. Ottosson Klippan Team AB, Box 48, S-264 00 Klippan Sweden
6. Aldman Bertil A protective seat for children - Experiments with a safety seat for children between one and six Eighth Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference (Proceedings) at Wayne State University October 1964 Wayne State University Press Detroit 1966
7. Henson Sherman E. Computer modeling of occupant dynamics in very severe frontal crashes Ninth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles Kyoto, Japan November 1982 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
8. Walsh Michael Kelleher Barbara Development and evaluation of a belt restraint system for small cars using force limiting, Volume 2; Contract Addendum on Restraints for 6 year old children Technical Report DOT-HS-806 106 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available from the National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia
9. Morris John Clark Carl Radovich Vladislav Child restraint Systems Eighth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles Wolfsburg Federal Republic of Germany October 1980
10. Melvin John in a personal communication to John Morris of July 18, 1983, in response to this issue of the adult shoulder strap touching the child's neck, warned that “If…the shoulder belt lies flat across the face or flat on the neck, it should not be used. … If… the shoulder belt can be made to lie flat across the shoulder (even though its edge may touch the neck) then the shoulder belt should be used in addition to the lap belt. … With appropriate seat belt geometry and lateral placement of the occupant, a child with a sitting height as low as 20 inches may be accomodated.” In further amplification with Carl Clark, Dr. Melvin pointed out that the shoulder belt attachment to the car had been lowered in recent years, so that the old 55 inch standing height for the child that can safely use the adult shoulder belt (the fiftieth percentile 11 year old of combined sexes, with a crown-rump sitting height of 29 inches [11]) may no longer apply for the the newer cars. The fiftieth percentile six year old of combined sexes has a standing height of 47 inches and a sitting height of 24 inches. The fiftieth percentile two year old has a sitting height of 20 inches
11. Snyder Richard Spencer Martha Owings Clyde Schneider Lawrence Anthropometry of U.S. infants and children Report SP-394 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA 1975
12. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Seat belt assembly anchorages; Anchorages for child restraint systems. Federal Register, volume 45 81625 81632 December 11 1980 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.
13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 210 Seat belt assembly anchorages - passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses. 49 CFR 571.210 (See Reference 4)
14. TNO, The TNO Child Dummies P 3/4. P 3, P 6, and P 10 Research Institute for Road Vehicles TNO-Complex Zuidpolder, Schoemakerstraat 97 Delft, Holland 1979
15. Roy A.P. Hill K.J. McKay G.M. Simulation of the effects of vehicle impacts on restrained child occupants, Part C, Performance of adult seat belts when used to restrain child dummies in simulated frontal impacts J. Soc. Environmental Engineers 21 27 September 1982
16. Safe-N-Sound Pty Ltd. “Sit-Safe” Child Adjuster Strap for Adult Lap/Sash Belts, Model SS166
17. Kangol Magnet Limited Norfolk Street, Carlisle, England The Kangol Generation Belt, Type 3GDR-00, A Fully Adjustable Automatic Rear Belt for the Family
18. Bondy Nancy Hart Sharon An analysis of the ejection problem using NCSA Automated Data Files National Center for Statistics and Analysis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington, D.C. June 1982
19. DeRampe Jean Safe and free Sixth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles Washington, D.C. 1976 265 272 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, available from the National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia
20. Klich, Susanne President Susanne Designs, Inc., 115 Shadow Lake Drive, Vincentown, New Jersey 08088
21. Clark Carl Blechschmidt Carl Gordon Fay Impact protection with the “Airstop” restraint system 79 113 in the Eighth Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference (Proceedings) at Wayne State University October 1964 Wayne State University Press 1966
22. Synnestvedt John United States legal representative for Saint-Gobain Vitrage, Synnestvedt and Lechner, 12 South Twelfth Street. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107. See Docket 81-04. Notice 03, for the comments on the Saint-Gobain Vitrage petition to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to modify FMVSS 205 to allow an anti-lacerative plastic coating on the inside of the occupant compartment glazing. For an index and selected photocopies, write the Docket Section. Room 5109 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington, D.C.
23. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205, Glazing materials. 49 CFR 571.205 (see Reference 4)
24. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Notice of proposed rulemaking, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Glazing materials Federal Register 48 10097 10101 March 10 1983
25. Wakeley Harold Wolf Linda Godin Steven IIT Research Institute, Optical Engineering Research on New and Used Automotive Glazing Final report on contract DTNH 82-C-07045 June 1983 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
26. Patrick L.M. Chou C.C. Wayne State University, Safety performance of Securiflex windshield SAE Report 760807, pages 221-244 of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Report P-66 1976 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096
27. Shaw M. Knight E. Rodack M. Trudgen A. Davis S. Countermeasures for Side Impact May 1982 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report DOT-HS-806 319, plus three appendix volumes: 806 320. 806 303. and 806 304

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