This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Head Injury Criteria in Automotive Crash Testing
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The origin and development of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) has been reviewed. The concept of correlating internal head injury with measured kinematics has also been re-examined. It is concluded that since no general kinematic correlation can be developed, the HIC concept is invalid. Recent attempts to develop relationships between head injury AIS and HIC, are shown to substantiate this view. Alternatives to HIC are reviewed and other approaches to head injury assessment are proposed.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Newman, J., "Head Injury Criteria in Automotive Crash Testing," SAE Technical Paper 801317, 1980, https://doi.org/10.4271/801317.Also In
References
- Langwieder K. “Passenger Injuries in Collisions and Their Relation to General Speed Scale” SAE Paper No. 730963 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Marsh J.C. Melvin J.W. “Injury Patterns by Restraint Usage in 1973 and 1974 Passenger Cars” SAE Paper No. 751143 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Cromack J.R. Ziperman H.H. “Three-Point Belt Induced Injuries: A Comparison Between Laboratory Surrogates and Real World Accident Victims” SAE Paper No. 751141 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Huelke D.F. Lawson T.E. Scott R. Marsh J.C. “The Effectiveness of Seat Belts in Reducing Injuries to Car Occupants” Proceedings of the Sixth IAATM International Conference Melbourne, Australia 1977
- Grime G. “A Review of Research on the Protection Afforded to Occupants of Cars by Seat Belts Which Provide Upper Torso Restraint” Accident Analysis and Prevention II 4 December 1979 293 306
- Henderson J.M. Wyllie J.M. “Seat Belts-Limits of Protection: A Study of Fatal Injuries Among Belt Wearers” SAE Paper No. 730964 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Cesari D. Quincy R. Derrien Y. “Effectiveness of Safety Belts Under Various Directions of Crashes” SAE Paper No. 720973 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Mellander H. Koch M. “Restraint System Evaluation - A Comparison Between Barrier Crash Tests, Sled Tests and Computer Simulations” SAE Paper No. 780605 Passenger Car Meeting June 5-9, 1978
- Patrick L.M. Levine R.S. “Injury to Unembalmed Belted Cadavers in Simulated Collisions” SAE Paper No. 751144 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Walsh M.J. Romeo D.J. “Results of Cadaver and Anthropomorphic Dummy Tests in Identical Crash Situations” SAE Paper No. 760803 Proceedings of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1976
- Robbins D.H. Snyder R.G. McElhaney J.H. Roberts V.L. “A Comparison Between Human Kinematics and the Predictions of Mathematical Crash Victim Simulators” SAE Paper No. 710849 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Ewing C.L. Thomas D.J. “Torque Versus Angular Displacement Response of Human Head to G x Impact Acceleration” SAE Paper No. 730976 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Stapp J.P. “Voluntary Human Tolerance Levels” Impact Injury and Crash Protection Gurdjian E.S. Lange W. Patrick L.M. Thomas L.M. Springfield, Ill Charles C. Thomas Publisher 1970 308
- Department of Transportation, Motor Vehicle Safety Act, Schedule 1083 The Canada Gazette Part 1 November 10 1979
- Goldsmith W. “The Physical Processes Producing Head Injuries” Head Injury Caveness W.F. Walker A.E. J.B. Lippincott Co. 1966 350 382
- Goldsmith W. “Biomechanics of Head Injury” Biomechanics - Its Foundation and Objectives Fung Y.C. Perrone N. Anliker M. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1972 585 634
- Goldsmith W. “Some Aspects of Head and Neck Injury and Protection” Progress in Biomechanics, Sijthoff and Noordhoff 1979
- Patrick L.M. Lissner H.R. Gurdjian E.S. “Survival by Design - Head Protection” Proceedings of the Seventh Stapp Car Crash Conference 1963
- Patrick L.M. Sato T.B. “Methods of Establishing Human Tolerance Levels: Cadaver and Animal Research and Clinical Observations” Impact Injury and Crash Protection Gurdjian E.S. Lange W. Patrick L.M. Thomas L.M. Charles C. Thomas Publisher 1970 259 273
- Patrick L.M. Grime G. “Applications of Human Tolerance Data to Protective Systems: Requirements for Soft Tissue, Bone and Organ Protection Devices”/” Impact Injury and Crash Protection Gurdjian E.S. Lange W. Patrick L.M. Thomas L.M. Charles C. Thomas Publisher 1970 444 473
- Hodgson V.R. “Physical Factors Related to Experimental Concussion” Impact Injury and Crash Protection Gurdjian E.S. Lange W. Patrick L.M. Thomas L.M. Charles C. Thomas Publisher 1970 275 302
- Thomas L.M. “Mechanisms of Head Injury” Impact Injury and Crash Protection Gurdjian E.S. Lange W. Patrick L.M. Thomas L.M. Charles C. Thomas Publisher 1970 27 42
- Gurdjian E.S. Lissner H.R. Latimer F.R. Haddad B.F. Webster J.E. “Quantitative Determination of Acceleration and Intercranial Pressure in Experimental Head Injury” Neurology 3 June 1953 417 423
- Gurdjian E.S. Roberts V.L. Thomas L.M. “Tolerance Curves of Acceleration and Intercranial Pressure and Protective Index in Experimental Head Injury” Journal of Trauma 600 1964
- Gurdjian E.S. Hodgson V.R. Hardy W.G. Patrick L.M. Lissner H.R. “Evaluation of the Protective Characteristics of Helmets in Sports” Journal of Trauma 4 1964
- Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. Prasad P. “Testing the Validity and Limitations of the Severity Index” SAE Paper No. 700901 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. “Effect of Long-Duration Impact on Head” SAE Paper No. 720956 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- McElhaney J.H. Roberts V.L Hilyard J. “Head Injury Tolerance and Criteria” Handbook of Human Tolerance; Published by the Japan Automobile Research Institute, Tokyo 1979
- Hodgson V.R. Gurdjian E.S. Thomas L.M. “The Determination of Response Characteristics of the Head with Emphasis on Mechanical Impedence Techniques” SAE Paper No. 670911 Proceedings of the Eleventh Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1967
- Gadd C.W. “Use of a Weighted-Impulse Criterion for Estimating Injury Hazard” SAE Paper No. 660793 Proceedings of the Tenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1966
- Department of Transportation NHTSA Notice 19, 36 F.R. 4600 “Occupant Crash Protection - Head Injury Criterion” March 1971
- Department of Transportation NHTSA Docket Number 69-7, Notice 19 “Occupant Crash Protection - Head Injury Criterion”
- Versace J. “A Review of the Severity Index” SAE Paper No. 710881 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Newman J.A. “On the Use of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) in Protective Headgear Evaluation” SAE Paper No. 751162 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Holbourne A.H.S. “Mechanics of the Head Injury” Lancet 2 438 October 1943
- Unterharnscheidt F.J. “Translational Versus Rotational Acceleration - Animal Experiments with Measured Input” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 710880 November 1971
- Abel J.M. Gennarelli T.A. Segawa H. “Incidence and Severity of Cerebral Concussion in the Rhesus Monkey Following Sagittal Plane Angular Acceleration” SAE Paper No. 780886 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1978
- Gennarelli T.A. Ommaya A.K. Thibault L.E. “Comparison of Translational and Rotational Head Motions in Experimental Cerebral Concussion” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Gennarelli T.A. Thibault L.E. Ommaya A.K. “Pathophysiologic Responses to Rotational and Translational Accelerations of the Head” SAE Paper No. 720970 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Gennarelli T.A. Abel J.M. Adams H. Graham D. “Differential Tolerance of Frontal and Temporal Lobes to Contusion Induced by Angular Acceleration” SAE Paper No. 791022 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- Hirsch A.E. Ommaya A.K. “Protection from Brain Injury: The Relative Significance of Translational and Rotational Motions of the Head After Impact” SAE Paper No. 700899 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Clarke T.D. Gragg CD. Sprouffske J.F. Trout E.M. Zimmerman R.M. Muzzy W.H. “Human Head Linear and Angular Acceleration During Impact” SAE Paper No. 710857 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Portnoy H.D. Benjamin D. Brian M. McCoy L.E. Pince B. Edgerton R. Young J. “Intracranial Pressure and Head Acceleration During Whiplash” SAE Paper No. 700900 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Melvin J.W. McElhaney J.H. Roberts V.L. “Evaluation of Dummy Neck Performance” Human Impact Response King W.F. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 247 262
- Melvin J.W. McElhaney J.H. Roberts V.L. “Improved Neck Simulation for Anthropometric Dummies” SAE Paper No. 720958 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Culver C.C. Neathery R.F. Mertz H.J. “Mechanical Necks with Humanlike Responses” SAE Paper No. 720959 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Mertz H.J. Neathery R.F. Culver C.C. “Performance Requirement and Characteristics of Mechanical Necks” Human Impact Response King W.F. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 17 34
- Haffner M.P. Cohen G.B. “Progress in the Mechanical Simulation of Human Head - Neck Response” Human Impact Response King W.F. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 289 320
- Nusholtz G.S. Melvin J.W. Alem N.M. “Head Impact Response Comparisons of Human Surrogates” SAE Paper No. 791020 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- McElhaney J.H Stalnaker R.L. Roberts V.L. Snyder R.G. “Door Crashworthiness Criteria” SAE Paper No. 710864 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Shatsky S.A. “Flash X-Ray Cinematography During Impact Injury” SAE Paper No. 730978 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Shatsky S.A. Alter W.A. III Evans D.E. Armbrustmacher V. Clark G. “Traumatic Distortions of the Primate Head and Chest: Correlation of Biomechanical, Radiological and Pathological Data” SAE Paper No. 741186 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference December 1974
- Got C. Patel A. Fayon A. Tarriere C. Walfisch G. “Results of Experimental Head Impacts on Cadavers - The Various Data Obtained and Their Relations to Some Measured Physical Parameters” SAE Paper No. 780887 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1978
- States J.D. Fenner H.A. Jr Flamboe E.E. Nelson W.D. Hames L.N. “Field Application and Research Development of the Abbreviated Injury Scale” SAE Paper No. 710873 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Mucciardi A.N. Sanders J.D. Eppinger R.H. “Prediction of Brain Injury Measures from Head Motion Parameters” SAE Paper No. 770923 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1977
- Baker S. O'Neill B. “The Injury Severity Score: An Update” 16 882 Journal of Trauma 1976
- Viano D.C. Gadd C.W. “Significance of Rate of Onset in Impact Injury Evaluation” SAE Paper No. 751169 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Stalnaker R.L. Melvin J.W. Nusholtz G.S. Alem N.M. Benson J.B. “Head Impact Response” SAE Paper No. 770921 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1977
- Hodgson V.R. Brinn J. Thomas L.M. Greenberg S.W. “Fracture Behavior of the Skull Frontal Bone” SAE Paper No. 700909 Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Searle J.A. Bethell J. Baggaley G. “The Variation of Human Tolerance to Impact and Its Effect on the Design and Testing of Automotive Impact Performance” SAE Paper No. 780885 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1978
- Mattern R. Barz J. Schulz F. Kallieris D. Schmidt G. “Problems Arising When Using Injury Scales in Biomechanical Investigation with Special Consideration of the Age Influence” Fourth International IRCOBI Conference Goteborg, Sweden September 1979
- Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. “Acceleration Induced Shear Strains in Monkey Brain Hemisection” SAE Paper No. 791023 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- Patrick L.M “Comparison of Dynamic Response of Humans and Test Devices (Dummies)” Human Impact Response King W.F. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 17 34
- Stapp J.P. “Quantitative Correlation of Impact and Its Effects on the Living Body and its Surrogates” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Mate P.I. Popp L.E. “Third Generation of Automotive Test Dummies” SAE Paper No. 700908 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Sprouffske J.F. Muzzy W.H. Trout E.M. Clarke T.D. Gragg C.D. “The Effect on Data Reproducability of Dummy Modification” SAE Paper No. 710847 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- McAdams H.T. “The Repeatability of Dummy Performance” Human Impact Response King W.R. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 35 68
- Daniel R.P. Trosien R. Yound B.O. “The Impact Behavior of the Hybrid II Dummy” SAE Paper No. 751145 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Massing D.E. “Performance Evaluation of Three New-Generation Anthropometric Test Dummies” SAE Paper No. 770261 International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition Feb 28 - Mar 4, 1977
- Foster J.K. Kortage J.O. Wolanin M.J “Hybrid III - A Biomechanically-Based Crash Test Dummy” SAE Paper No. 770938 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1977
- Gersbach V.S. Musseler P.M. “Dummy Design and Reaction at Impact Simulation” SAE Paper No. 770262 International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition Feb 28 - Mar 4, 1977
- Seiffert U.W. Leyer H.K. “Dynamic Dummy Behavior Under Different Temperature Influence” SAE Paper No. 760804 Proceedings of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference October, 1974
- Dejeammes M. Quincy R. “Efficiency Comparison Between Three-Point Belt and Air Bag in a Subcompact Vehicle” SAE Paper No. 751142 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Harris J. “The Design and Use of the TRRL Side Impact Dummy” SAE Paper No. 760802 Proceedings of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1976
- O'Connel O.G.G. Almqvist R. “A Survey Concerning the Quality of Part 572 Hybrid II Dummies as Measuring Instruments for Crash Testing” SAE Paper No. 770263 International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition Feb 28, March 4, 1977
- Alderson S.W. “A New Concept in Anthropomorphic Test Dummies for Lateral Impact” SAE Paper No 790748 Passenger Car Meeting June 11-15, 1979
- Stalnaker R.L. Tarriere C. Fayon A. Walfisch G. Balthazard M. Masset J. Got C. Patel A. “Modification of Part 572 Dummy for Lateral Impact According to Biomechanical Data” SAE Paper No. 791031 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- Lowne R.W. Petty S.P.F. Harris J. Hobbs C.A. “The Need for a Force Measuring Dummy in Side Impact Testing” SAE Paper No. 790750 Passenger Car Meeting June 11-15, 1979
- Melvin J.W. McElhaney J.H Roberts V.L. “Development of a Mechanical Model of the Human Head - Determination of Tissue Properties and Synthetic Substitute Materials” SAE Paper No. 700903 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Gadd C.W. Nahum A.M. Schneider D.C. Madeira R.G. “Tolerance and Properties of Superficial Soft Tissues in Situ” SAE Paper No. 700910 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1970
- Melvin J.W. Evans F.G. “A Strain Energy Approach to the Mechanics of Skull Fracture” SAE Paper No. 710871 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Master B.G. Saczalski K.J. “Anthrompomorphic Headform Development and Simplified Technique for Impact Evaluation of Protective Headgear” ASME Paper No. 72-WA/8DHF-7 1972
- Haut R.C. Gadd C.W. Madeira R.G. “Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model for Head Impact Injury Hazard” SAE Paper No. 720963 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Slattenscheck A. Tauffkirchen W. Benedikter G. “The Quantification of Internal Head Injury by Means of the Phantom Head and the Impact Assessment Methods” SAE Paper No. 710879 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Hodgson V.R. Mason M.W. Thomas L.M. “Head Model for Impact” SAE Paper No. 720969 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Hodgson V.R. “Head Model for Impact Tolerance” Human Impact Response King W.F. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 113 128
- National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, Inc. NOCSAE “Standard Methods for Impact Test and Performance Requirements for Football Helmets” September 1973
- Becker E.B. “Measurement of Mass Distribution Parameters of Anatomical Segments” SAE Paper No. 720964 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1972
- Walker L.B. Jr. Harris E.H. Pontius U.R. “Mass, Volume, Center of Mass, and Mass Movement of Inertia of Head and Head and Neck of Human Body” SAE Paper No. 730985 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Slattenschek A. Tauffkirchen W. Benedikter G. “Efficiency of Phantom Impact Test in Safety Glass Testing” SAE Paper No. 741194 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference December 1974
- Hubbard R.P. McLeod D.G. “A Basis for Crash Dummy Skull and Head Geometry” Human Impact Response King W.R. Mertz H.J. Plenum Press 1973 129 152
- Hubbard R.P. McLeod D.G. “Definition and Development of a Crash Dummy Head” SAE Paper No. 741193 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference December 1974
- Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. “Comparison of Head Acceleration Injury Indices in Cadaver Skull Fracture” SAE Paper No. 710854 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Conference November 1971
- Saczalski K.J. States J.D. Wagar I.J. Richardson E.Q. “A Critical Assessment of the Use of Non-Human Responding Surrogates for Safety System Evaluation” SAE Paper No. 760805 Proceedings of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference October, 1976
- Webster G.D. Newman J.A. “A Comparison of the Impact Response of Cadaver Heads and Anthropometric Headforms” Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, Atlanta 1976
- Begeman P.C. King A.I. Weigt P. Patrick L.M. “Safety Performance of Asymmetric Windshields” SAE Paper No. 780900 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1978
- Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. Brinn J. “Concussion Levels Determined by HPR Windshield Impacts” SAE Paper No. 730970 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Kay S.E. Pickard J. Patrick L.M. “Improved Laminated Windshield with Reduced Laceration Properties” SAE Paper No. 730969 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1973
- Nahum A.M. Smith R. Ward C.C. “Intracranial Pressure Dynamics During Head Impact” SAE Paper No. 770922 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1977
- Reiser R.G. Chabal J. Lewis C.W. “Low Velocity Impacts and Temperature Sensitivity of Automotive Windshields” SAE Paper No. 710869 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971
- Patrick L.M. “Trauma as a Function of Forces and Accelerations in Collisions” Final Report Contract No. MVMA(AMA) No. WSU 7101-C19 March 15 1974
- Patrick L.M. Bohline N. Andersson A. “Three-Point Harness Accident and Laboratory Data Comparison” SAE Paper No. 741181 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference December 1974
- Nyquist G.W. Begman P.C. King A.I. Mertz H.J. “Correlation of Field Injuries and GM Hybrid III Dummy Responses for Lap-Shoulder Belt Restraint” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 102 2 May 1980 103 110
- Cesari D. Ramet M. “Comparison Between In-the-Field Accidents and Reconstructed Accidents with Dummies and with Cadavers” SAE Paper No. 751147 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Cesari D. Ramet M. “Evaluation of Human Tolerance in Frontal Impacts” SAE Paper No. 791032 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- Lowne R. W. Wall J.G. “A Procedure for Estimating Injury Tolerance Levels of Occupants” Proceedings of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 76020 October 1976
- Langwieder K. Danner M. Schmelzing W. Appel H. Kramer F. Hofmann J. “Comparison of Passenger Injuries in Frontal car Collisions with Dummy Loadings in Equivalent Simulations” SAE Paper No. 791009 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- Kramer M. “Pedestrian Vehicle Accident Simulation Through Dummy Tests” SAE Paper No. 751165 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Foust D.R. Bowman B.M. Snyder R.G. “Study of Human Impact Tolerance Using Investigations and Simulations of Free-Falls” SAE Paper No. 770915 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1977
- Mohan D. Bowman B.M. Snyder R.G Foust D.R. “A Biomechanical Analysis of Head Impact Injuries to Children” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 101 4 November 1979
- Nahum A.M. Smith R.W. “An Experimental Model for Closed Head Impact Injury” SAE Paper No. 760825 Proceedings of the Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1976
- Nahum A.M. Ward C. Smith R. Raasch F. “Intracranial Pressure Relationships in the Protected and Unprotected Head” SAE Paper No. 791024 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1979
- Adomeit D. Heger A. “Motion Sequence Criteria and Design Proposals for Restraint Devices in Order to Avoid Unfavourable Biomechanic Conditions and Submarining” SAE Paper No. 751146 Proceedings of the nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1975
- Adomeit D. “Evaluation Methods for the Biomechanical Quality of Restraint Systems During Frontal Impact” SAE Paper No. 770936 Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference October 1977
- Warner C.Y. Niven J. “A Prototype Load-Sensing Dummy Faceform Test Device for Facial Injury Hazard Assessment” Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine Louisville October 1979