This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
An Overview of Structures and Acoustics Technology in Automotive Applications
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The application of advanced technology to automobile design has increased significantly during the past decade. This paper briefly reviews the development of structural analysis methods and acoustic techniques, and describes their current application in the design and development of automotive vehicles. Relatively new approaches to automotive vehicle weight reduction, including structural optimization and materials substitution are described. Noise reduction techniques which are discussed include finite element acoustic analysis and Fourier analysis techniques for noise measurement.
Authors
Citation
Howell, L., "An Overview of Structures and Acoustics Technology in Automotive Applications," SAE Technical Paper 800611, 1980, https://doi.org/10.4271/800611.Also In
References
- Kamal M. M. Wolf, J. A. Jr. “Finite Element Models for Automotive Vehicle Vibrations,” Presented at the 1977 ASME Vibrations Conference, September 26–28, 1977 Chicago, IL October 11 1977
- Vail, C. F. “Dynamic Modeling of Automobile Structures from Test Data,” “System Identification of Vibrating Structures,” Pilkey W. D. Cohen, R. ASME New York 1972 149 177
- Melosh, R. J. “Finite Element Analysis of Automobile Structures,” SAE Paper No. 740319 in ICVSM(1)* March 26 1974 26 38
- Wadleigh, K. H. “Application of Finite Element Methods to Complete Automobile Structural Design Evaluation,” SAE Paper No. 740322 in ICVSM(1) March 26 1974 67 72
- Nagy, L. I. “Static Analysis via Substructuring of an Experimental Vehicle Front- End Body Structure,” SAE Paper No 740323 in ICVSM(1) March 26 1974 73 80
- McClelland W. A. Klosterman, A. L. “Using NASTRAN for Dynamic Analysis of Vehicle Systems,” SAE Paper No. 740326 in ICVSM(1) March 26 1974 95 107
- Vail, C. F. “A Modal Synthesis Technique for Determining Dynamic Properties for a Structure for Mass and Stiffness Changes,” SAE Paper No. 740329 in ICVSM(1) March 26 1974 134 144
- Leverenz R. K. et al. “Using Interactive Graphics for the Preparation and Management of Finite Element Data,” SAE Paper No. 740344 in ICVSM(1) March 26 1974 279 285
- Butkunas A. A. Bussa, S. L. “Quantification of Inputs for Vehicle System Analysis,” SAE Paper No. 750133 in SP-392, “Vehicle Analytical Design for Structural Criteria -- An Overview,” February 1975
- Davis, R. L. “Suspension System Modeling for Structural Loading,” SAE Paper No. 750134 in SP-392, “Vehicle Analytical Design for Structural Criteria -- An Overview,” February 1975
- Horvath, J. K. “Structural and System Models,” SAE Paper No. 750135 in SP-392, “Vehicle Analytical Design for Structural Criteria -- An Overview,” February 1975
- Skattum, K. S. Harris, J. F. Howell, L. J. “Preliminary Vehicle Structural Design for Comparison with Quantitative Criteria,” SAE Paper No. 750136 in SP-392, Vehicle Analytical Design for Structural Criteria --An Overview February 1975
- Anon Structural Analysis of the Vehicle Design Process Conference Proceedings, Second International Conference on Vehicle Structural Mechanics, SAE Publication P-71 April 18–20 1977
- Selna L. Salinas, D. “Dynamic Analysis of Automotive Structural Systems,” Paper No. 700844 , Transactions of the SAE 79 1970 2521 2528
- Kirioka, K. Ohkube Y. Hotta, Y. “An Analysis of Body Structures, Part II,” SAE Paper No. 710157 , Warrendale, PA January 1971
- Borowski, V. J. Steury R. L. Lubkin, J. L. “Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of an Automobile Frame,” SAE Paper No. 730506 , Automobile Engineering Meeting, Detroit May 1973
- Augustitus, J. A. Kamal M. M. Howell, L. J. “Design Through Analysis of an Experimental Automobile Structure,” SAE Paper No. 770597 in ICVSM(2) April 18 1977 69 81
- Nelson, M. F. “The Use of Condensation Techniques for Solving Dynamics Problems,” SAE Paper No. 740330 in ICVSM(1) March 26 1974 145 153
- Guyan, R. J. “Reduction of Stiffness and Mass Matrices,” AIAA Journal 3 No. 2 February 1965
- McCormick, C. W. “NASTRAN User’s Manual,” NASA SP-222 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 1970
- Richardson M. Kniskern, J. “Identifying Modes of Large Structures from Multiple Input and Response Measurements,” SAE Paper No. 760875 , Warrendale, PA November 1976
- Elliott, W. A. “Plastic Models for Dynamic Structural Analysis,” SAE Paper No. 710262 , Transactions of the SAE 80 1971 1046 1055
- Radaj, D. Zimmer A. Geissler, H. “Novel Developments and Applications of Finite Element Methods at Daimler-Benz,” SAE Paper No. 770596 in ICVSM(2) April 18 1977 59 68
- Davis, J. C. “Modeling Techniques for Vehicle Shake Analysis,” SAE Paper No. 720045 , Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit January 1972
- Howell, L. J. “Stochastic Analysis of Cumulative Vehicle Loading,” Pacejka, H. B. Proceedings of IUTAM Symposium Delft, the Netherlands August 18 1975
- Baum, J. H. Bennett J. A. Carne, T. G. “Truck Ride Improvement Using Analytical and Optimization Methods,” SAE Paper No. 770609 in ICVSM(2) April 18 1977 211 220
- Felske, W. L. “Cast Steering Knuckle Finite Element and Laboratory Strain Analysis,” SAE Paper No. 770613 , in ICVSM(2) April 18 1979 253 262
- Jha, S. K. “Characteristics and Sources of Noise and Vibration and Their Control in Motor Cars,” J. of Sound and Vibration 4 1976 543 558
- Dowell E. H. Voss, N. M. “The Effect of a Cavity on Panel Vibration,” AIAA Journal 1 1963 476 477
- Lyon, R. H. “Noise Reduction of Rectangular Enclosures with One Flexible Wall,” J. of Acoustical Society of America 35 1963 1791 1797
- Pretlove, A. J. “Free Vibrations of a Rectangular Panel Backed by a Closed Rectangular Cavity,” J. of Sound and Vibration 2 1965 197 209
- Gladwell G. M. L. Zimmerman, G. “On Energy and Complementary Energy Formulations of Acoustic and Structural Vibration Problems,” J. of Sound and Vibration 3 1966 233 241
- Craggs, A. “The Transient Response of a Coupled Plate-Acoustic System Using Plate and Acoustic Finite Elements,” J. of Sound and Vibration 15 1971 509 528
- LeSalver R. Jennequin, G. “Methode de Calcul Pour les Bruits Basse Frequence dans un Habitacle de Voiture,” Proceedings of the 14th FISITA Conference London, England 1972 89 100
- Shuku T. Ishihara, K. “The Analysis of the Acoustic Field in Irregularly Shaped Rooms by the Finite Element Method,” J. of Sound and Vibration 29 1973 67 76
- Wolf, J. A. Jr. Nefske D. J. Howell, L. J. “Structural-Acoustic Finite Element Analysis of the Automobile Passenger Compartment,” Transactions of the SAE 85 1976 857 864
- Craggs, A. “The Use of Simple Three-Dimensional Acoustic Finite Elements for Determining the Natural Modes and Frequencies of Complex Shaped Enclosures,” J. of Sound and Vibration 23 3 1972 331 339
- Wolf, J. A. Jr. Nefske, D. J. “NASTRAN Modeling and Analysis of Rigid and Flexible Walled Acoustic Cavities,” in “NASTRAN: Users Experiences,” NASA Washington, D. C. September 1975 615 631
- Petyt, M. Lea J. Koopman, G. H. “A Finite Element Method for Determining the Acoustic Modes of Irregularly Shaped Cavities,” J. of Sound and Vibration 45 4 1976 495 502
- Craggs, A. “An Acoustic Finite Element Approach for Studying Boundary Flexibility and Sound Transmission Between Irregular Enclosures,” J. of Sound and Vibration 30 3 1973 343 357
- Nefske D. J. Howell, L. J. “Automobile Interior Noise Reduction Using Finite Element Methods,” SAE Paper No. 780365 , presented at the SAE Automotive Congress and Exposition, Detroit March 1978
- Dowell, E. H. Gorman, G. F. III Smith, D. A. “Acoustoelasticity: General Theory, Acoustic Natural Modes and Forced Response to Sinusoidal Excitation, Including Comparisons with Experiment,” J. of Sound and Vibration 52 4 1977 519 542
- Nefske, D. J. Wolf, J. A. Jr. Howell, L. J. “Structural-Acoustic Analysis of the Automobile Passenger Compartment Using Finite Element Methods,” Acoustical Society of America Cambridge, MA June 11 1979
- Smith, D. L. “Experimental Techniques for Acoustic Modal Analysis of Cavities,” Proceedings of the Internoise 76 Conference Washington, D. C. April 1976 129 132
- Hickling, R. Feldmaier, D. A. Sung, S. H. “Knock-Induced Cavity Resonances in Open Chamber Diesel Engines,” J. of the Acoustical Society of America July 11 1978
- Jennequin, G. “Is the Computation of Noise Level Inside a Car Feasible?” Proceedings of the Instn. of Mech. Engrs. Symposium on Vibration and Noise in Motor Vehicles, London, Paper No. C108/71 1972 132 137
- Chung, J. Y. “Cross-Spectral Method of Measuring Acoustic Intensity Without Error Caused by Instrument Phase Mismatch,” J. of Acoustical Society of America 64 6 December 1978 1613 1616
- Chung, J. Y. Pope J. Feldmaier, D. A. “Application of Acoustic Intensity Measurement to Engine Noise Evaluation,” presented at SAE Diesel Engine Noise Conference February 1979
- Blaser D. A. Chung, J. Y. “A Transfer Function Technique for Determining the Acoustic Characteristics of Duct Systems with Flow,” May 8 1978 San Francisco, CA
- Oswald L. J. Dolby, D. A. “A Technique for Measuring Interior Wind Rush Noise at the Clay Model Stage of Vehicle Design,” SAR Paper No. 770394 , presented at the International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition, Detroit February 1977
- Wilson, R. A. “A Review of Vehicle Impact Testing: How it Began and What is Being Done,” Paper No. 700403 , Int. Automobile Safety Conf. Compendium, also Transactions of the SAE 79 1970 1453 1467
- Miura, N. Kawamura, K. “An Analysis of Deformation Mechanism in Head-On Collision,” SAE Paper No. 680484 , Warrendale, PA May 1968
- Renneker, D. N. “A Basic Study of ‘Energy-Absorbing’ Vehicle Structure and Occupant Restraints by Mathematical Model,” SAE Paper No. 670897 , Transactions of the SAE 76 1967 2843 2848
- Kamal, M. M. “Analysis and Simulation of Vehicle-to-Barrier Impact,” SAE Paper No. 700414 , Int. Automobile Safety Conference, 1970, Belgium, Also Transactions of the SAE 79 1970 1498 1503
- Lin, K. H. “A Rear-End Barrier Impact Simulation Model for Uni-Body Passenger Cars,” SAE Paper No. 730156 , Transactions of the SAE 82 1973 628 634
- Thompson, J. E. “Vehicle Crush Prediction Using Finite Element Techniques,” SAE Paper No. 730157 , also Transactions of the SAE 82 1973 635 648
- Shieh, R. C. “Some Analytical Crash-worthiness Studies of Automobile Front Structures,” SAE Paper No. 730612 , Warrendale, PA May 1973
- Ni, C. M. “Impact Response of Curved Box Beam-Columns with Large Global and Local Deformations,” AIAA Paper No. 73–401, Proceedings of the 14th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf., Williamsburg, VA March 1973
- McIvor, I. K. “Modeling and Simulation as Applied to Vehicle Structures and Exteriors,” Vehicle Safety Research Integration Symposium U.S. Dept. of Transportation May 1973
- Welch, R. E. Bruce R. W. Belytscho, T. “Finite Element Analysis of Automotive Structures Under Crash Loadings,” U.S. Dept. of Transportation March 1976
- Winter, R. Pifko A. B. Armen, H. Jr. “Crash Simulation of Skin-Frame Structures Using a Finite Element Code,” SAE Paper No. 770484 , Business Aircraft Meeting, Wichita March 29 1977
- Ni C. H. Lin, K. H. “A Mixed Method of Crash Analysis for Vehicle Structure,” presented at the AIAA/ASME 18th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conf. San Diego, CA March 21–23 1977
- Bennett, J. A. Lin K. H. Nelson, M. F. “The Application of Optimization Techniques to Problems of Automotive Crash-worthiness,” SAE Paper No. 770608 in ICVSM(2) April 18 1977 203 210
- Chang, D. C. “A Design-Analysis Method for the Frontal-Crush Strength of Body Structures,” SAE Paper No. 770593 , ICVSM(2) April 18 1977 33 41
- Ni, C. M. “A Quadrilateral Finite Difference Plate Element for Nonlinear Transient Analysis of Panels,” General Motors January 26 1979 General Motors Research Laboratories Warren, MI
- Tang, S. C. “Elasto-Plastic and Large Deflection Analysis of Thin Shells by the Flow Theory of Plasticity,” SAE Paper No. 770590 , ICVSM(2) April 18 1977 1 8
- Chen, K. K. “A Triangular Plate Finite Element for Large-Displacement Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Automobile Structural Components,” J. of Computers and Structures 10 1979 203 215
- Rozvany G. I. N. Mroz, Z. “Analytical Methods in Structural Optimization,” Applied Mechanics Reviews 30 No. 11 November 1977 1461 1470
- Shen C. Y. Prager, W. “Recent Developments in Optimal Structural Design,” Applied Mechanics Reviews 21 No. 10 October 1968 985 992
- Schmit, L. A. “Structural Synthesis by Systematic Synthesis,” Proc. Second Conf. on Electronic Computation ASCE New York 1960 105 122
- Schmit L. A. Fleury, C. “An Improved Analysis/Synthesis Capability Based on Dual Methods--Access-3,” Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 20th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference St. Louis, MO April 4–6 1979 23 50
- Khot, N. S. Berke, L. Venkayya, V. B. “Minimum Weight Design of Structures by the Optimality Criterion and Projection Method,” Proceedings of the AIAA/ASME 20th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference St. Louis, MO April 4–6 1979 11 22
- Bennett J. A. Nelson, M. F. “An Optimization Capability for Automotive Structures,” Presentation at the Third SAE International Conference on ‘Vehicle Structural Mechanics October 10–12 1979 Troy, MI
- Vanderplaats, G. N. “CONMIN -- A FORTRAN Program for Constrained Function Minimization,” NASA August 1973
- Schmit L. A. Miura, H. “An Advanced Structural Analysis/Synthesis Capability--ACCESS-2,” Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 1978 353 377
- Fox, R. L. “Optimization Methods for Engineering Design,” Addison Wesley MA 1971
- Schmit L. A. Miura, H. “A New Structural Analysis/Synthesis Capability--ACCESS 1,” AIAA Journal 14 No. 5 May 1976 661 671
- Bennett, J. A. “Automated Design of Truss and Frame Geometry,” J. of Computers and Structures 8 1978 717 721
- Compton, W. D. “Materials Substitution in the Automotive Industry,” in “Measurements of the Impacts of Materials Substitution --A. Case Study in the Automobile Industry,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting San Francisco, CA December 1978 712
- Heimbuck R. A. Sanders, B. A. “Mechanical Properties of Automotive Chopped Fiber Reinforced Plastics,” in “Composite Materials in the Automotive Industry,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting San Francisco, CA December 1978 111 139
- Delano T. Shayota, M. “Computer Design of Structural Body Component Station Wagon Tailgate,” 33rd Annual Technical Conference, The Society of Plastics Industry 1978 18-A
- McCullough, R. L. Pipes, R. B. Taggart, D. Mosko, J. “Influence of Fiber Orientation on the Properties of Short Fiber Composites,” in “Composite Materials in the Automobile Industry,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting San Francisco, CA December 1978 141 158
- Dharan, C. K. N. “Composite Materials -- Design and Processes for Automotive Applications,” in “Composite Materials in the Automotive Industry,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting San Francisco, CA December 1978 19 30
- Chang D. C. Barone, M. R. “Minimum Weight Design in Double-Layer Panels: SMC vs Steel,” Presented at the 5th ASTM Conference on Composite Materials: Testing and Design New Orleans, LA March 1978
- Barone, M. R. Caulk, D. A. Chang, D. C. “The Influence of Cure Time Restrictions on Minimum-Weight Design of Double Layer SMC Panels,” ASME Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology August 1978
- McReynolds, L. A. “Overview of Computer Technology,” SAE Paper No. 790480 , Presented at the Computers in Automotive Design & Analysis Symposium, Parkville, Victoria Australia October 19 1978
- Fenves, S. J. “Future Directions of Structural Engineering Applications,” J. of Computers and Structures 10 1979 36
- Schaeffer, H. G. “A Review of the International Symposium on Structural Mechanics Software,” J. of Computers and Structures 8 1978 589 598
- McCracken J. Robinson, M. R. “Impact of Advanced Technologies on Aircraft Design,” Astronautics and Aeronautics June 1979 32 38
- Hadcock, R. N. “SDM Lecture: Introduction of New SDM Technology into Production Systems,” AIAA Paper No. 790719 , AIAA/ASME 20th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, St. Louis, MO April 4–6 1979 1 10
- Eisenberg, M. A. “Theory of Fabrication-Induced Anisotropy of Chopped-Fiber/Resin Panels,” General Motors February 1978
- Barone M. R. Caulk, D. A. “The Effect of Deformation and Thermoset Cure on Heat Conduction in a Chopped-Fiber Reinforced Polyester During Compression Molding,” General Motors December 19 1978
- Fesko, D. G. Mallick, P. K. Newman, S. “Automotive Composites -- Manufacturing and Material Interactions,” in “Composite Materials in the Automobile Industry,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting San Francisco, CA December 1978 1 10
- Noor A. K. Lambiotte, J. J. “Finite Element Dynamic Analysis on CDC Star-100 Computer,” J. of Computers and Structures 10 1979 7 19
- Jordan H. F. Sawyer, P. L. “A MultiMicroprocessor System for Finite Element Structural Analysis,” J. of Computers and Structures 10 1979 21 29
- Noor, A. K. Kamel, H. A. Fulton, R. E. “Substructuring Techniques -- Status and Projections,” J. of Computers and Structures,” 8 1978 621 632
- Noor A. K. Peters, J. M. “Reduced Basis Technique for Nonlinear Analysis of Structures,” AIAA Paper No. 79-0747, AIAA/ASME 20th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, St. Louis, MO April 4–6 1979 116 126
- Katnik, R. B. Kowalski, M. F. Chen, K. K. “A Substructuring Approach to Localized Plasticity Analysis,” SAE Paper No. 770602 , ICVSM(2) April 18–20 1977 129 138
- Howlett J. T. Morales, D. A. “Prediction of Light Aircraft Interior Noise,” 1976 NASA
- Mixson, J. S. Barton, C. K. Vaicaitis, R. “Investigation of Interior Noise in a Twin-Engine Light Aircraft,” AIAA, Journal of Aircraft 15 1978 227 233
- Craggs, A. “A Finite Element Method for Damped Acoustic Systems: An Application to Evaluate the Performance of Reactive Mufflers,” J. of Sound and Vibration 48 1976 377 392
- Dowell, E. H. “Reverberation Time, Adsorption, and Impedance,” J. of Acoustical Society of America 64 1978 181 191
- Barton C. K. Daniels, E. F. “Noise Transmission Through Flat Rectangular Panels into a Closed Cavity,” 1978 NASA Technical Paper 1321
- Vaicaitis, R. “Noise Transmission by Viscoelastic Sandwich Panels,” 1977 NASA
- Dowell, E. H. “Master Plan for Prediction of Vehicle Interior Noise,” Paper 790582 , AIAA 5th Aeroacoustics Conference, Seattle, Washington March 1979
- Hanson, E. K. “An Overall Design Approach to Improving Passenger Car Fuel Economy,” SAE Paper No. 780132 , SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI February 1978