This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Development and Application of Ferrography to the Study of Diesel Engine Wear
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This paper covers the development of Ferrographic oil analysis techniques for the study of diesel engine wear. A brief overview of the various wear analysis techniques now commonly used in laboratory and field engine wear studies is discussed. Also included in this paper is an in depth description of the Ferrographic oil analysis techniques and the various applications of the techniques to the study of engine wear. A comparison of the commonly used wear measurement methods, Ferrography, spectroscopy and the radioactive tracer methods, and their abilities to measure wear is also discussed.
A direct injection, 4-cycle, turbocharged diesel engine was used in the testing and data are presented indicating the abilities of the Ferrographic oil analysis techniques to detect changes in wear rates. The effects of operating time on engine oil and the effects of the variation of oil and coolant temperatures on engine wear is presented. The effects of oil filtration on engine wear is also discussed and data are presented contrasting the filtered versus the non-filtered diesel engine lubrication system.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Hofman, M. and Johnson, J., "The Development and Application of Ferrography to the Study of Diesel Engine Wear," SAE Technical Paper 780181, 1978, https://doi.org/10.4271/780181.Also In
References
- Wright K.H.R. “Designing Against Wear - The Basic Mechanisms of Wear” TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2 3 152 161 1969
- Scott D. “Metallurgical Aspects of Materials for Tribological Applications” Joint Convention on Tribology of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Institution of Metallurgists, Royal Institute of Chemistry, Institute of Physics and the Institute of Petroleum August 1968
- Scott D. “Failure Diagnosis and Investigations” TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 3 1 22 28 1970
- Bolis D.A. Johnson J.H. Daavetilla D.A. “The Effect of Oil and Coolant Temperatures on Diesel Engine Wear” SAE Paper No. 770086 SAE International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition February 28 March 4 1977
- Bolis D.A. Johnson J.H. Callen R.W. “A Study of the Effect of Oil and Coolant Temperature on Diesel Engine Brake Specific Fuel Consumption” SAE Paper No. 770313 SAE International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition February 28 March 4 1977
- Scott D. Seifert W.W. Westcott V.C. “Ferrography - An Advanced Design Aid for the 80's” WEAR 34 251 260 1975
- Seifert W.W. Westcott V.C. “A Method for the Study of Wear Particles in Lubricating Oil” WEAR 21 27 42 1972
- Bowen R. Scott D. Seifert W. Westcott V.C. “Ferrography” TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 109 115 June 1976
- Scott D. Seifert W.W. Westcott V.C. “The Particles of Wear” SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN May 230 5 88 97 1974
- Westcott V.C. “Ferrographic Oil and Grease Analysis as Applied to Earthmoving Machinery” SAE Paper No. 750555 1975
- Bolis D.A. “The Effect of Oil and Coolant Temperatures on Diesel Engine Specific Fuel Consumption and Wear” Master's Thesis Michigan Technological University 1976
- Pinotti P.L. Hull D.E. McLaughlin E.J. “Application of Radioactive Tracers to Improvement of Automotive Fuels, Lubricants, and Engines” SAE Transactions 57 634 638 1949
- Pike W.C. Pywe R.F. Rudtson S.G. “Wear Phenomena of Chromium Plated Rings as Revealed by Radioactive Tracers” SAE Transactions 78 4 2504 2512 1969
- Payne W.G. Joachim W.F. “Investigation of Cylinder-Liner Wear” SAE Transactions 57 51 68 1949
- Batzold J.S. Clarke, J.V. Jr. Kunc J.F. “Continuous Radiotracer Monitoring Shows How Piston Rings Wear in Service” SAE Transactions 66 602 611 1958
- Nutt H.V. Landen E.W. Edgar J.A. “The Effect of Surface Temperature on the Wear of Diesel Engine Cylinders and Piston Rings” SAE Preprint No. 340 1954
- Jackson H.R. “Laboratory and Field Wear Tests Using Radioactive Tracers” SAE Transactions 61 233 236 1953
- Jackson H.R. Burk F.C. Test L.J. Cowell A.T. “Some Phenomena of Engine Wear as Revealed by Radioactive Tracer Techniques” SAE Transactions 60 518 530 1952
- Thompson L.D. Backey S.J. Conn E.L. “Engine Wear Research” SAE Transactions 57 41 50 1949
- Land M.L. Winer W.D. Schwarz C.F. “A New Look at Wear Metal Analysis” SAE Paper No. 770085 1977
- Bendikson O.O. “Improved Failure Detection Techniques Based on Spectrometric Oil Analysis Data (SOAP)” SAE Transactions 82 1091 1112 1973
- Gunn G.J. Whittenburg R.L. “Modern Applications of Engine Oil Analysis to Airline Operation” SAE Paper No. 690423 1969
- Hofman M.V. Johnson J.H. “The Development of Ferrography as a Laboratory Wear Measurement Method for the Study of Engine Operating Conditions on Diesel Engine Wear” WEAR 44 1 183 199 1977
- Barwell F.T. Bowen E.R. Bowen J.P. Westcott V.C. “Use of Temper Colors in Ferrography” WEAR 44 1 163 171 1977
- Reda A.A. Bowen R. Westcott V.C. “Characteristics of Particles Generated at the Interface Between Sliding Steel Surfaces” WEAR 34 261 273 1975
- Middleton J.L. Westcott V.C. Wright R.W. “The Number of Spherical Particles Emitted by Propogating Fatigue Cracks in Roller Bearings” WEAR 30 275 277 1974
- Reda A.A. “A Note on the Investigation of Friction Polymer Rolling Pin Formation” WEAR 32 115 116 1975
- “Ferrographic Oil Analysis - Photo-micrographs of Typical Wear Particles Seen on Ferrograms”
- Bowen E.R. Westcott V.C. “Wear Particle Atlas” July 1976
- Tower B. “First Report on Friction Experiments” Proceedings Inst. Mech. Eng. November 1883 632 666 Proceedings Inst. Mech. Eng. November 1885 58 70 Proceedings Inst. Mech. Eng. November 1888 173 205 Proceedings Inst. Mech. Eng. November 1891 111 140
- Reynolds O. “Theory of Lubrication - Part I” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1886
- McKee S.A. McKee T.R. “Journal Bearing Friction in the Region of Thin Film Lubrication” SAE Journal 31 371 377 1932
- Shigley J.E. “Mechanical Engineering Design” 2nd McGraw-Hill Book Company 1972
- Aronson R.B. “Wear Particles Predict Machine Malfunctions” MACHINE DESIGN 84 89 June 24 1976
- “A Review of Navy Activities in Ferrography” Proceedings of a Meeting Held at the Office of Naval Research September 16 1976
- “Real Time Ferrograph for Application on Jet Engines in a Test Cell Environment” July 1974
- Van Vlack L.H. “Elements of Materials Science” 2nd Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. 1964
- Winterbottom A.B. “Optical Studies of the Oxidation of Iron at Temperatures in the Range of 20° - 265°C” Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 165 9 22 1950
- Bowen E.R. “Information on the Effects of Heating the Ferrogram and Other Ferrographic Oil Analysis Techniques” June 1976 August 1976
- Kofstad P. “High-Temperature Oxidation of Metals” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York 1966
- Johari O.M. “Comparison of Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Fracture Surfaces” Journal of Metals 26 June 1968
- Bowen F.P. Tabor D. “The Friction and Lubrication of Solids - Part I and Part II” Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1950 1964
- Cantley R.E. “An Examination of Rear Axle Wear Particles” LUBRICATION ENGINEERING 498 505 October 1974
- Ruff A.W. “Characterization of Debris Particles Recovered from Wearing Systems” WEAR 42 49 62 1977
- Scott D. “Examination of Debris and Lubricant Contaminants” Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs. 182 83 86 1967-68
- Ruff A.W. “Metallurgical Analysis of Wear Particles and Wearing Surfaces” Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, and the Naval Air Engineering Center Philadelphia, PA April 1974
- Weetman D.G. Kreuz K.L. Hellmuth W.W. Becker H.C. “Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Copper-Lead Bearing Corrosion” SAE Paper No. 760559 1976
- Scott D. Loy B. McCallum R. Mills G.H. “Electron Optical Techniques of Failure Investigation” Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs. 184 25 35 1969-70
- Scott D. “Bearing Failures - Diagnosis and Investigation” WEAR 25 199 213 1973
- Bowen E.R. Seifert W.W. “Ferrography - A New Tool for Analyzing Wear Conditions” 1976 Fluid Power Testing Symposium August 16-18 1976
- Jackson D.R. “Comparison of Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Lubrication in Normally-Operating Diesel Engines” LUBRICATION ENGINEERING 76 81 March 1972
- Westcott V.C. Seifert W.W. “Investigation of Iron Content of Lubricating Oil Using a Ferrograph and an Emission Spectrometer” WEAR 23 239 249 1973
- McClelland J.E. Billett S.M. “Filter Life Versus Engine Wear” SAE Transactions 74 3 922 936 1965
- Pfeifer P.E. Finnigan F.T. “Oil Filtration and Lifter Wear” SAE Transactions 74 3 912 921 1965
- Butler J.L. Stewart J.P. Teasley R.E. “Lube Oil Filtration Effect on Diesel Engine Wear” SAE Paper No. 710813 1971