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Advantages of Lead in Gasolines for European Cars - The Lead Road Bonus
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Abstract
In recent years, several programs have been conducted at the Ethyl Research Laboratories in Detroit, some in cooperation with a major oil company, to measure the value of lead antiknocks in fuels for European cars. These heretofore unpublished studies show:
- 1.A positive lead road bonus.
- 2.Tetramethyllead (TML) is more effective than tetraethyllead (TEL).
- 3.The lead road bonus increases with engine operating severity.
The lead road bonus is defined in broad terms as a combination of three effects - lead-in-fuel, fuel sensitivity, and engine deposits. The engine-deposit effect is not of major significance in European cars.
Much of the confusion over the value of lead antiknocks in European cars and fuels in recent years can be attributed to improper definition of the lead road bonus, at times coupled with inappropriate rating conditions and limitations in fuel design.
The importance of these studies is significant in view of the trend toward smaller cars.
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Citation
Hornbeck, D., Labruyere, R., Stinson, L., and Unzelman, G., "Advantages of Lead in Gasolines for European Cars - The Lead Road Bonus," SAE Technical Paper 750936, 1975, https://doi.org/10.4271/750936.Also In
References
- “Knock at High Constant Engine Speed,” Project Group CF 17 Report Co-ordinating European Council Feb. 1975
- “Investigation into the Octane Requirements of Production Cars of German Manufacture,” 1973
- “High Speed Knock - Low Lead and Motor Octane Number,” British Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries August 1973
- Addicott, J.L. Barker, D. “The Effect of Reduction of Gasoline Lead Content on Road Anti-Knock Performance,” Paper C133/71 Institution of Mechanical Engineers London 1971
- Bell, A.G. Keene, J.A. “Road Antiknock Performance of Low-Lead and Nonleaded Gasolines in European Cars,” SAE Paper 710625 SAE International Mid-Year Meeting Montreal June 7-11 1971
- Associated Octel Study (cited in Reference 3)
- Bigley, H.A., Jr. Benson, J.D. “Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars - With and Without Lead (CRC Report),” SAE Paper 730013 SAE International Automotive Engineering Congress Detroit Jan. 8-12 1973
- “Octane Requirement Increase in 1973 Model Cars - Phase II: 1973 CRC Road Rating Program,” Coordinating Research Council Feb. 1975
- Forster, E.J. Stinson, L.E. “Effects of Leaded versus Unleaded Gasolines on Stabilized Octane Requirements,” NPRA Paper F&L-70-46 NPRA National Fuels and Lubricants Meeting New York Sept. 10-11 1970
- Bartholomew, E. “New Knock-Testing Methods Needed to Match Engine and Fuel Progress,” SAE Paper 285A SAE International Congress Detroit January 9-13 1961
- Kerley, R.V. Thurston, K.W. “Knocking Behavior of Fuels and Engines,” SAE Transactions 64 554 69 1956
- Zang, W.I. Lovell, W.G. “Tetraethyllead in Various Pure Hydrocarbons,” Ind. Eng. Chem. 43 2826 33 Dec. 1951
- Lovell, W.G. “Knocking Characteristics of Hydrocarbons,” Ethyl Corporation July 1953