This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
State-of-the-Art-Ergonomics and Motor Vehicle Safety
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The use of ergonomics in the design of vehicular equipment is presented. It is proposed that the wider use of the principles and methods of this discipline might aid in the more effective integration of the driver and his equipment. It has been shown that the effectiveness of any man-machine system depends upon the integration of the biological characteristics of the operator with the mechanical design of the equipment and working areas. The initial phase of a program in ergonomics should always consist of an advance analysis of the equipment, including a survey of the nature of the task, the work surroundings, the location of controls and instruments, and the way the operator performs his duties.
In highway safety the application of human engineering principles has been shown to be of great importance in the design of windshields, rear view mirrors, and vehicle lighting, and other visual aids to the drivers. The field of crash injury research is proving to be especially important in understanding the parts of the vehicle most likely to give rise to injury. Current research is tending to give more precise measurements not only in regard to the forces involved, but also to the thresholds and patterns of injury. The various research programs in the field of ergonomics as related to highway safety in various parts of the world have greatly increased in recent years.
Authors
Topic
Citation
McFarland, R. and Moore, R., "State-of-the-Art-Ergonomics and Motor Vehicle Safety," SAE Technical Paper 700362, 1970, https://doi.org/10.4271/700362.Also In
References
- Kraft J. A. “Human Factors and Biotechnology-A Status Survey for 1968-69.” Rept.LMSC-687154 Sunnyvale, Calif. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. April 1969
- Grace G. L. “Human Factors Society 1969 Directory and Yearbook.” Santa Monica, Calif. Human Factors Society 1969
- Chapanis A. Garner W. R. Morgan C. T. “Applied Experimental Psychology-Human Factors in Engineering Design.” New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1949
- Sinaiko H. W. Buckley E. P. “Human Factors in the Design of Systems.” Naval Research Lab. Rept. 4996 1957
- McFarland R. A. “Machine Design and Human Engineering.” Modern Trends in Occupational Health, R. S. F. Schilling, Ed. London Butterworths, Ltd. 1960 233 248
- Fogel L. J. “Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications.” Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall 1963
- McCormick E. J. “Human Factors Engineering.” New York McGraw-Hill 1964
- Murrell K. F. H. “Ergonomics, Man in His Working Environment.” London Chapman and Hall 1965
- Singleton W. T. “Introduction to Ergonomics.” WHO/OH/69.1 Geneva World Health Organization 1969
- Morgan C. T. Cooke, J. S. III Chapanis A. Lund M. W. “Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design.” New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- Damon A. Stoudt H. W. McFarland R. A. “The Human Body in Equipment Design.” Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press 1966
- White W. J. Schneyer S. “Pocket Data for Human Factor Engineering.” Rept. No. UB-1227-V-3 Buffalo, N. Y. Cornell Aeronautical Lab. 1964
- Yllö A. Sanden S. “Ergonomics Check List.” Gothenburg, Sweden Volvo Co. 1968
- McFarland R. A. “The Role of Human Engineering in Highway Safety.” Human Factors in Technology Bennett E. M. Degan J. Speigel J. New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- Black S. “Man and Motor Cars-An Ergonomic Study.” London Secker & Warburg 1966
- McFarland R. A. “Human Factors in Air Transport Design.” New York McGraw-Hill 1946
- Åkerblom B. “Standing and Sitting Posture.” Stockholm A. B. Nordiska Bokhandeln 1948
- Damon A. Stoudt A. W. “Anthropometry.” Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design Morgan C. T. Cooke J. S. Chapanis A. Lund M. W. New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- Stoudt H. W. Damon A. McFarland R. A. Roberts J. “Weight, Height, and Selected Body Dimensions of Adults, United States, 1960-1962.” Public Health Service Pub. No. 1000 Washington, D. C. 1965
- Woodson W. E. Conover D. W. Miller G. E. Selby P. H. “Motor Vehicle Instrument and Control Location, Accessibility and Identification.” Final Rept., Contract FH-11-6907 National Highway Safety Bureau San Diego, Calif. Man Factors, Inc. July 1969
- Kyropoulos P. Roe R. “The Application of Anthropometry to Automotive Design.” Proceedings from the Automotive Safety Seminar at General Motors Corp. Milford, Mich. GM Safety R & D Lab. 1968
- McRuer D. T. Krendel E. S. “Dynamic Response of Human Operators.” WADC Tech. Rept. 56-524 Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio 1957
- Ely J. H. Thomson R. M. Orlansky J. “Design of Controls.” Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design Morgan C. T. Cook J. S. Chapanis A. Lund M. W. New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- McFarland R. A. “Human Factors in Air Transportation-Occupational Health and Safety.” New York McGraw-Hill 1953
- Ely J. H. Thomson R. M. Orlansky J. “Layout of Workspaces.” Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design Morgan C. T. Cook J. S. Chapanis A. Lund M. W. New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- Chaffee J. W. “Methods for Determining Driver Reach Capability.” SAE Transactions 78 1969 paper 690105 Chaffee J. W. “Effect of Body Restraints on Driver Reach.” 1970 International Automobile Safety Conference Compendium 30 paper 700359 New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1970
- Wisner A. Ribiffe R. “Methods of Improving Work-Place Layout.” Paris
- Stoudt H. W. Crowley T. J. Gruber B. “Vehicle Handling: Force Capabilities for Braking and Steering.” Final Rept., Contract No. FH-11-6910 National Highway Safety Bureau Boston, Mass. Harvard School of Public Health 1969
- Davies B. T. Watts J. M. “Preliminary Investigation of Movement Time between Brake and Accelerator Pedals in Automobiles.” Human Factors 10 3 263 272
- “Reaction Distance.” Auto-Safe Research and Development Corp. Culver City, Calif. 1967
- Konz S. Daccasett J. “Controls for Automobile Brakes.” Highway Research Record 195 1967 75 82
- Beizer E. G. Huffman W. J. “Quickness of Selected Right Foot and Left Foot Braking Techniques.” Traffic Safety Research Review 10 3 1966 72 73
- Trumbo D. Schneider M. “Operation Time as a Function of Foot Pedal Design.” J. Engineering Psychology 4 1963 139 143
- Bradley J. V. “Optimum Knob Diameter.” Human Factors 11 4 1969 353 360
- Bradley J. V. “Optimum Knob Crowding.” Human Factors 11 3 1969 227 238
- Chapanis A. Gropper B. A. “The Effect of the Operators Handedness on Some Directional Stereotypes in Control Display-Relationships.” Human Factors 10 4 1968 303 320
- Olsen F. G. “Comfort Packages for Diverse Passenger Car Objectives.” Paper 650463 SAE Mid-Year Meeting Chicago May 1965
- Keegan J. J. “The Medical Problem of Lumbar Spine Flattening in Automobile Seats.” SAE Transactions 73 1965 paper 838A
- Janeway R. N. “Vehicle Design Aspects of Safe Handling.” Passenger Car Design and Highway Safety New York Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, and Consumers Union of the U.S. 1962 25 26
- Segel L. “An Investigation of Automobile Handling as Implemented by a Variable Steering Automobile.” Human Factors 6 1964 333 341
- Hoffman E. R. Joubert P. N. “The Effect of Changes in Some Vehicle Handling Variables on Driver Steering Performance.” Rept. No. H F9 Dept. Mech. Engrg., Human Factors Group, University of Melbourne Australia 1965
- Hoffman E. R. Joubert P. N. “Just Noticeable Differences in Some Vehicle Handling Variables.” Human Factors 10 3 1968 263 272
- Conover D. W. Woodson W. E. “Human Engineering Guide for Equipment Designers.” Los Angeles University of California Press 1966
- Sanders U. L. Cohen J. “The Influence of Methodology on Research on Instrument Displays.” USAF WADC Tech. Rept. 53-93 Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio April 1953
- Baker C. A. Grether W. F. “Visual Presentation of Information.” Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design Morgan C. T. Cook J. S. Chapanis A. Lund M.W. New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- Spencer J. “Pointers for General Purpose Indicators.” Ergonomics 6 1 1963
- DeJaMore G. Walker J. “The Visibility of Direction Pointers.” Ergonomics 5 4 1962 573 579
- Chapanis A. Scarpa L. C. “Readability of Dials at Different Distances and with Control Visual Angle.” Human Factors 9 1967 419 426
- Chapanis A. “Words, Words, Words.” Human Factors 7 1965 1 17
- Schmidt I. “Visual Considerations of Man, the Vehicle, and the Highway, Part I.” Highway Vehicle Safety, PT-13, paper 660004 New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1968
- Connolly P. S. “Visual Considerations of Man, the Vehicle, and the Highway, Part II.” Highway Vehicle Safety, PT-13, paper 660164 New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1968
- Sutro P. J. Ward H. O. Townsend C. A. “Human Visual Capacities as a Basis for the Safe Design of Vehicles.” “Annual Report, Commission on Accidental Trauma, Armed Forces Epidemiological Board,” Washington, D. C. 1958
- Meldrum J. F. “Automobile Driver Eye Position.” SAE Transactions 74 1966 paper 650464
- Devlin W. A. Roe R. W. “The Eyellipse and Considerations in the Drivers Forward Field of View.” Paper 680105 SAE Automotive Engineering Congress Detroit January 1968
- Reilly R. E. Parker J. F. “Visual Information Related to Vehicle Control During Overtaking.” Biotechnology, Inc. Arlington, Va. 1966
- Senders J. W. Kristofferson A. B. et al. “The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving.” Highway Research Record 195 1967 15 34
- Snyder J. N. “Capability of Automobile Drivers to Sense Vehicle Velocity.” Highway Research Record 159 1967 25 35
- Gordon D. A. Michaels R. M. “Static and Dynamic Visual Fields in Vehicular Guidance.” Highway Research Record 84 1965 1 15
- Allen M. J. “Daytime Automobile Windshield and Dash Panel Characteristics.” Amer. J. Optometry, and Archives of Amer. Acad, of Optometry 46 1963 61 72
- Meldrum J. F. “Glare Measurements from Bright and Satin Chromium Curved Surfaces.” Applied Optics 8 1969 1791 1798
- Saur R. L. “Influence of Luminance and Geometry on Glare Impression.” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 58 6 1968 847 849
- Roper V. J. “Nighttime Seeing through Heat Absorbing Windshields.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 68 1953 16 30
- Heath W. Finch D. W. “Effects of Tinted Windshields on Nighttime Visibility Distances.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 68 1953 1 15
- Haber M. “Safety Hazard of Tinted Automobile Windshields at Night.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 68 1953 45
- Wolf E. McFarland R. A. Zigler M. J. “The Influence of Tinted Windshield Glass on Five Visual Functions.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 255 1960 30 46
- Miles P. W. “Visual Effects of Pink Glasses, Green Windshields, and Glare under Night Driving Conditions.” Amer. Med. Assoc. Archives of Ophthalmology 51 1954 15 23
- McFarland R. A. Domey R. G. Warren A. B. Ward D. “Dark Adaptation as a Function of Age and Tinted Windshield Glass.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 255 1960 47 56
- Kelley C. R. Prosin D. J. “Motor Vehicle Rear Vision.” Final Report, Contract No. FH-11-6951 National Highway Safety Bureau Santa Monica, Calif. Dunlap and Assoc, Inc. October 1969
- Grime S. Moore R. L. “On the Look-Out: Visibility from the Driving Seat of a Motor Vehicle.” The Autocar 1953 782 784
- Marcus K. H. “In the Vehicle and on the Road.” “Design Aspects for Rear Vision in Motor Vehicles,” New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1964 18 26
- Connolly P. L. “Human Factors in Rear Vision.” “Design Aspects for Rear Vision in Motor Vehicles,” New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1964
- Highway Safety Research Institute “Automotive Research Visibility and Driver Performance.” Ann Arbor, Mich. HSRI, University of Michigan 1969
- Walraven P. L. Michon J. A. “The Influence of Some Side Mirror Parameters on the Decision of Drivers.” Paper 690270 SAE Automotive Engineering Congress Detroit January 1969
- Hyde W. L. “Periscopes for Rear Vision.” SAE Transactions 77 1968 paper 680403
- Richards O. W. “Visual Needs and Possibilities for Night Automobile Driving.” Southbridge, Mass. American Optical Co. 1967
- Roper V. J. Meese G. E. “More Light on the Headlights Problem.” Highway Research Record 70 1965 29 34
- Hare C. T. Hemion R. H. “Headlamp Beam Usage on U.S. Highways.” San Antonio, Texas Southwest Research Institute
- Road Research Laboratory “Research on Road Safety.” London Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1963
- McBride G. R. “Commercial Vehicle Lighting.” Proc. Fifth Convention, Canadian Highway Safety Conf. 1959 64 65
- Vander Muelen L. J. “A System for Vehicle RearLighting.” Police Jan.-Feb. 1959 40
- Breckenridge F. C “A Configuration of Tail Lights and Brakelights.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 146 1957 56 57
- Allen M. J. “Misuse of Red Light on Automobiles.” Amer. J. Optometry, and Archives Amer. Acad, of Optometry 41 1964 695 699
- Crosley J. K. “Automobile Rear Signal Lights: An Evaluation of High Placement, Accelerator Switching, and Driver Response.” Div. Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Ind.
- Chandler K. H. Jones K. J. Reid J. A. “Rear Lights and Reflectors.” “Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Automotive Division Proceedings,” 1954-1955 85 89
- Moore R. L. Crawford A. Odescalchi P. “Turn Signals for Motor Vehicles.” Highway Research Board Bulletin 172 1958 104 120
- Connolly P. L. “Recent Developments in Automotive Lighting.” Amer. J. Optometry, and Archives Amer. Acad, of Optometry 39 1962 401 422
- Grime G. “Car Design and Operation in Relation to Road Safety.” Practitioner 188 1962 447 456
- Mortimer R. G. Olson P. L. “Variables Influencing the Attention Getting Quality of Automobile Front Turn Signals.” Traffic Safety Research Review 10 3 1966 83 88
- Gibbs C. B. “Car Turning Signals and Delays in Responding to Visual Information.” Applied Psychology Unit A.D.C 176/52 Medical Research Council Cambridge, England
- Crawford A. “The Perception of Light Signals-The Effect of Mixing Flashing and Steady Irrelevant Lights.” Ergonomics 6 3 1963 287 294
- Ronco P. G. Anderson E. M. Lippert S. Raben M. W. “Investigation of Some of the Problems of Vehicle Rear Lighting.” Rept. No. 1586 Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. Cambridge, Mass. 1968
- Finch D. M. Horning D. O. et al. “Motor Vehicle Rear Lighting and Signalling.” Inst. Transportation and Traffic Engrg., Univ. California Berkeley 1968
- Case H. W. Hulbert S. F. Patterson I. E. et al. “Development and Evaluation of Vehicle Rear Lighting Systems.” Inst. Transportation and Traffic Engrg. Rept. No. 68-24 Univ. California, Los Angeles
- McFarland R. A. “Physical Variables Influencing Driver Comfort, Efficiency and Safety.” Harvard School of Public Health Boston 1955
- “Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning Guide.” New York Soc. of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engrs. 1960
- Mackworth N. H. “Researches on the Measurement of Human Performance.” Medical Research Council Special Rept. Ser. 268 London 1950
- McFarland R. A. Teichner W. H. “Effects of Environment on Human Performance.” “Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design,” Morgan C. T. Cook J. S. Chapanis A. Lund M. W. New York McGraw-Hill 1963
- Callaway D. B. “Measurement and Evaluation of Exhaust Noise of Over The Road Trucks.” SAE Transactions 62 1954 151 162
- Hornick R. J. Boettcher C. A. Simmons A. K. “The Effect of Low Frequency, High Amplitude, Whole Body, Longitudinal and Transverse Vibration upon Human Performance.” Bostrom Research Labs. Milwaukee, Wisc 1961
- Beard R. R. Wertheim G. G. “Behavioral Impairment Associated with Small Doses of Carbon Monoxide.” Amer. J. Public Health 57 1967 2012 2022
- Rockwell T. H. Ray A. M. “An Exploratory Study of Automobile Driving Performance Under the Influence of Low Levels of Carboxyhemoglobin.” Dept. of Indust. Engrg., Ohio State Univ. Columbus 1967
- McFarland R. A. Moseley A. L. “Human Factors in Highway Transport Safety.” Boston, Mass. Harvard School of Public Health 1954
- Bartlett F. “The Bearing of Experimental Psychology upon Human Skilled Performance.” Brit. J. Indust. Med. 8 1951 209 217
- “Fatigue in the Drivers of Heavy Commercial Vehicles.” Road Research Laboratory Leaflet No. RG11 GRU Road Research Lab. Crowthorne, Berkshire 1969
- Brown I. D. “Measurement of Control Skills, Vigilance and Performance on a Subsidiary Task During 12 Hours of Car Driving.” Ergonomics 10 6 1967 665 673
- Brown I. D. “Decrement in Skill Observed After 7 Hours of Car Driving.” Psychonomic Science 7 4 1967 131 132
- Platt F. N. “A New Method of Evaluating the Effects of Fatigue on Driver Performance.” Human Factors 6 1964 351 358
- Gögler E. “Road Accidents.” Series 5 Manchester, England Geigy (UK) Ltd. 1965
- Schwimmer S. Wolf R. A. “Leading Causes of Injury in Automobile Accidents.” Automotive Crash Injury Research, Cornell Aeronautical Labs. Buffalo, N. Y. 1962
- Ryan G. A. “Injuries in Traffic Accidents.” New England J. Med. 276 1967 1066 1076
- Huelke D. F. Grabb W. C. Dingman R. O. “Facial Injuries Due to Windshield Impacts in Automobile Accidents.” Plastic & Reconstruction Surg. 37 1966 324 333
- Severy D. M. Mathewson J. H. Siegel A. W. “Automobile Side-Impact Collisions.” New York Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1964
- Patrick L. M. “Human Tolerance to Impact-Basis for Safety Design.” SAE Transactions 74 1966 paper 1003-B