This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Crash Protection of Air Transport Passengers
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Jet transport means vastly increased velocities at takeoff, flight, and landing. These velocities build up correspondingly high kinetic energy that increases the hazards of crash landings if not dissipated. But jet safety design standards have changed little from those of the piston engine, even though there are sufficient statistics available for design purposes. In addition, the limits of human tolerance to injury have been determined with sufficient precision to provide minimum standards for safety equipment. If these data were applied to modern aircraft design, many fatalities occurring today could be prevented.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Stapp, J. and Townsend, F., "Crash Protection of Air Transport Passengers," SAE Technical Paper 640318, 1964, https://doi.org/10.4271/640318.Also In
References
- Air Transport Editor “World Air Safety,” Flight International May 30 1963 775 780
- “Backward Seating Experiment for Passenger Transport Aircraft.” Staff study conducted by The Air Transport Command, Traffic Division April 1947
- “Informative Accident Release No. 12. Details of Hastings Crash Near Benina, Lybia; and Details of Valetta Crash Near Stockholm, Sweden.” Crash Injury Research, Cornell University Medical College New York, New York May 22 1951
- Bierman, Howard R. “Protection of the Human Body from Impact Forces of Fatal Magnitude,” Military Surgeon 100 2 February 1947
- Braun, F. “Introducing the Rocking Aircraft Passenger Seat.” Sabena Report No. XA-002 May 2 1958
- Bruggink, Gerard M. “Impact Survival in Air Transport Accidents.” AvCIR-8-CSS-129, Aviation Crash Injury Research January 20 1961
- Carroll, John J. “A Review of U.S. Air Carrier Accidents in Which Fatalities Resulted from Fire Following Impact, 1952–1961.” Civil Aeronautics Board, Bureau of Safety, Engineering Division, Washington 25, D. C June 1962
- DeHaven, Hugh “Mechanical Analyses of Survival in Falls from Heights of 50 to 150 Feet,” War Medicine 2 July 1942 586 596
- DeHaven, Hugh “Crash Research from the Point of View of Cabin Design,” Aeronautical Engineering Review 5 6 June 1946
- DeHaven, Hugh “Crash Deceleration, Crash Energy, and Their Relationship to Crash Injury.” USAF Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, AF Technical Report No. 6242 December 1950
- DuBois, Eugene F. “Safety-Belts Are Not Dangerous,” British Medical Journal September 1952 685 686
- Martin Eiband, A Simpkinson, S. H. Black, D. O. “Accelerations and Passenger Harness Loads Measured in Full-Scale Light-Airplane Crashes.” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note 2991 August 1953
- Martin Eiband, A. “Human Tolerance to Rapidly Applied Accelerations: A Summary of the Literature.” NASA Memorandum 5-19-59E June 1959
- Frankland, J.M. “Effects of Impact on Simple Elastic Structures.” David Taylor Model Basin Report No. 481 April 1942
- Fryer, D.I. “Aircraft Passenger-Seat Design and Crash Survival.” Flying Personnel Research Committee Report 1055 August 1958
- Gable Walter D. Townsend, Frank M. “An Analysis of Cardiovascular Injuries Resulting from Accelerative Force,” Aerospace Medicine 34 10 October 1963 929 934
- Gilson, J. C. Stewart, W. K. Pekarek, Z. “Prevention of Injury in Aircraft Crashes.” F.P.R.C. 556 - Prevention of injury in aircraft crashes December 1943
- Gronow, D. G. C. “A Study of the Safety of Backward-Facing and Forward-Facing Passenger Seats in Accidents Involving RAF Transport Command Aircraft.” Flying Personnel Research Committee 870 March 1954
- Haley, Joseph L. Jr. “Personnel Restraint Systems Study: Basic Concepts.” FSF-TCREC Technical Report 62–94 December 1962
- Bruce Harvey, E. “Passenger Seating in Transport Aircraft.” Unpublished report 1956
- Hasbrook, A. Howard “Design of Passenger ‘Tie-Down’.” Some Factors for Consideration in theCrash-Survival Design of Passenger Seats in Transport Aircraft.” A technical paper issued under Office of Naval Research Contract No. Nonr-401(21), CSDM No. 1, AvCIR-44-0-66 September 1956
- Howard Hasbrook A. Earley, John C. “Failure of Rearward Facing Seat-backs and Resulting Injuries in a Survivable Transport Accident.” Federal Aviation Agency, CARI, Aeronautical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Report 62–7 April 1962
- Headley, Robert N. Brinkley, James W. Lokatos, George S. Managan, Richard F. “Human Factors Responses During Ground Impact.” WADC TR 60–590 November 1960
- Hodgson, Voigt R. Lissner, Herbert R. Patrick, Lawrence M. “Response of the Seated Human Cadaver to Acceleration and Jerk with and without Seat Cushions,” Human Factors April 1964
- Kirchner, Otto E. “Crash Forces and Seating.” Presented at the 11th Annual International Air Safety Seminar Atlantic City November 11 1958
- Kroeger, W. J. “Internal Vibrations Excited in the Operation of Personnel Emergency Escape Catapults.” Frankford Arsenal MR 340 November 26 1946
- Latham, Frederick “A Study in Body Ballistics: Seat Ejection.” Proc. Royal Aeronautical Soc. B 147 1957 121 139
- Lewis Sidney T. Stapp, John P. “Human Tolerance to Aircraft Seat Belt Restraint,” J. Aviation Med. 29 March 1958 187 196
- Lombard, Charles F. “How Much Force Can Body Withstand?” Aviation Week\ January 17 1949
- Lombard, C. F. Close, Perry Thiede, F. C. Larmie, F. “Impact Tolerance of Guinea Pigs Related to Orientation and Containment,” Aerospace Medicine 35 1 January 1964
- Lyle, Donald J. Stapp, John P. Button, Richard R. “Ophthalmologic Hydrostatic Pressure Syndrome,” Amer. J. Ophthalmology 44 5 November 1957
- Mosely, H. G. “Injuries Incurred in Aircraft Accidents,” Military Medicine 116 6 June 1955 440
- Mosely, H. G. Townsend, F. M. Stem-bridge, V. A. “Prevention of Death and Injuries in Aircraft Accidents,” AMA Archives of Industrial Health 17 February 1958 111 117
- Mosely H. G. Zeller, Anchard F. “Relation of Injury to Forces and Direction of Deceleration in Aircraft Accidents,” J. Aviation Med. 29 October 1958 739 749
- Pearson, Richard G. “Relationship Between Tie-down Effectiveness and Injuries Sustained in Lightplane Accidents, 1942–1952,” Aerospace Medicine 33 January 1962 50 59
- Peterson, Richard L. “Personnel Seating Research for Air Force Vehicles.” Paper presented at Air Transport and Space Meeting and Production Forum, SAE-ASME, New York, New York April 27–30 1964
- Irving Pinkel I. Rosenberg, Edmund G. “Seat Design for Crash Worthiness.” NACA Report No. 1332 1957
- Irving Pinkel, I. “A Proposed Criterion for the Selection of Forward and Rearward-Facing Seats.” Paper presented at the Aviation Conference of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Los Angeles, California March 9–12 1959
- Merritt Preston G. Pesman, Gerard J. “Accelerations in Transport-Airplane Crashes.” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note 4158 February 1958
- Rothe, Victor E. Turnbow, James W. Ph.D. Roeguer, Harold F. Bruggink, Gerard M. “Crew Seat Design Criteria for Army Aircraft.” TRECOM Technical Report 63–4 February 1963
- Ruff Siegfried Strughold, Hubertus “Compendium of Aviation Medicine,” 1942 115 118
- Smith, Alan E. “Now 5,000,000 Jet Hours,” Flight International May 30 1963 781 783
- Snyder, Richard G. “Human Tolerances to Extreme Impacts in Free-Fall,” Aerospace Medicine 34 8 August 1963
- Stapp, John P. “Human Exposures to Linear Deceleration. Part I. Preliminary Survey of Aft-Facing Seated Position.” AF Technical Report No. 5915, USAF Air Material Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio June 1949
- Stapp, John P. “Human Exposure to Linear Deceleration. Part II. The Forward-Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness.” AF Technical Report 5915, Part 2, Wright Air Dev. Cen., ARDC, USAF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio December 1951
- Stapp, John P. “Crash Protection in Air Transports,” Aeronautical Engineering Review 12 4 April 1953
- Stapp, John P. “Human Tolerance to Deceleration,” Amer. J. Surgery 93 4 April 1957 734 740
- Stapp, John P. Mosely, J. D. Lombard, C. F. Nelson, C. A. “Analysis and Biodynamics of Selected Rocket Sled Experiments, 982–7758,” September 1964
- Stapp John P. Taylor, Ellis R. “Space Cabin Landing Vector Effects on Human Physiology.” Unpublished report
- Swearingen, J. J. Hasbrook, A. H. Snyder, R. G. McFadden, E. B. “Kinematic Behavior of the Human Body During Deceleration.” Federal Aviation Agency, Aviation Med. Service, ARD, CARI, Protection and Survival Branch, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Report No. 62–13 June 1962
- Townsend, Frank M. Davidson, W. Harley Doyle, Bernard C. “Two Years’ Experience in Combined Engineering and Pathology Investigation in Aircraft Accidents,” Aerospace Medicine 33 8 August 1962 913 919
- Tye, Walter “Modern Trends in Civil Airworthiness Requirements,” J. Royal Aeronautical Soc. February 1952
- Weis, Edmund B. Martin, Paul J. Clarke, Neville P. “Analysis of Force and Acceleration Data from Human Impact Experiments.” Published in Proc. 16th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 5, 1963, and in Aerospace Medicine 35 4 April 1964