This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Expanding the Definition of the Degree of Hybridization of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
Technical Paper
2023-01-1202
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Fuel cell electric vehicles are expected to support the effort to overcome the economic and ecological challenges in the automotive sector. Just as battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles also offer locally emission free mobility. The drive system of fuel cell electric vehicles consists of a fuel cell system, an electric motor, power electronics, a hydrogen storage system as well as a rechargeable energy storage system, typically a battery. The quantified power ratio between the fuel cell system and the rechargeable energy storage system is referred to as the degree of hybridization, although inconsistent definitions are used. As these existing definitions of the degree of hybridization of fuel cell electric vehicles don’t support a distinct differentiation and characterization of the vehicles, a new definition of the degree of hybridization is proposed considering the ratio of the energy contents of the hydrogen storage system and the rechargeable energy storage system, effectively adding a second dimension. The degree of hybridization is then evaluated for existing fuel cell electric vehicles using the proposed definition and enables the characterization and clustering of the different vehicles. While this two-dimensional degree of hybridization can be used as optimization criteria during the design and optimization of fuel cell drive systems, the aforementioned clusters can be assigned to already established qualitative degree of hybridization definitions used to describe types of hybrid electric vehicles. This supports customers to be able to more easily distinguish between different types of fuel cell electric vehicles while also increasing the suitability of the degree of hybridization as an optimization criterion in drive system development.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Braumandl, A., Kim, G., Bause, K., and Albers, A., "Expanding the Definition of the Degree of Hybridization of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2023-01-1202, 2023.Also In
References
- Ball , M. and Wietschel , M. The Future of Hydrogen – Opportunities and Challenges International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 2 2009 615 627 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.11.014
- Singh , S. , Jain , S. , Venkateswaran , P.S. , Tiwari , A.K. et al. Hydrogen: A Sustainable Fuel for Future of the Transport Sector Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 51 2015 623 633 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.040
- Toyota 2023 https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/22741362.html
- Toyota 2023 https://newsroom.toyota.eu/introducing-the-all-new-toyota-mirai/
- Hyundai 2023 https://www.hyundai.news/eu/models/electrified/nexo/press-kit/all-new-hyundai-nexo-the-future-utility-vehicle-made-by-hyundai.html
- InsideEVs 2023 https://insideevs.com/news/629973/us-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-sales-2022q4/
- Satyapal , S. 2023 https://www.icef.go.jp/pdf/2020/program/concurrent_session/Sunita_Satyapal_P.pdf
- Kim , C. , Cho , S.H. , Cho , S.M. , Na , Y. , et al. Review of Hydrogen Infrastructure: The Current Status and Roll-Out Strategy International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48 5 1701 1716 2023 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.053
- Olabi , A.G. , Wilberforce , T. , Abdelkareem , M.A. Fuel Cell Application in the Automotive Industry and Future Perspective Energy 214 2021 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118955
- Chang , X. , Ma , T. , Wu , R. Impact of Urban Development on Residents’ Public Transportation Travel Energy Consumption in China: An Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Alternatives International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 30 16015 16027 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.099
- NPM – Nationale Plattform Zukunft der Mobilität 2023 https://www.plattform-zukunft-mobilitaet.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/NPM_AG4_Positionspapier_Brennstoffzelle.pdf
- Braumandl , A. and Bause , K. Automated Design of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Drive Systems 22nd Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium Automobil- und Motorentechnik Germany 2022
- Braumandl , A. , Paris , G. , Bause , K. , and Albers , A. Integrated Optimization of Fuel Cell Drive System Design and Energy Management 35th International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition Norway 2022
- Garcia , O. 2002
- Treffinger , P. , Gräf , M. , and Goedecke , M. 2002
- Di Napoli , A. , Crescimbini , F. , Solero , L. , Pede , G. et al. Ultracapacitor and Battery Storage System Supporting Fuel-Cell Powered Vehicles 18th International Electric Vehicle Symposium Germany 2001
- Gao , W. Performance Comparison of a Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Powertrain and a Fuel Cell-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Powertrain IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 54 3 2005 846 855 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2005.847229
- Czapnik , B. 2013
- Pesaran , A. , Zolot , M. , Markel , T. , and Wipke , K. Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrids: An Overview of Energy Storage Hybridization in Fuel Cell Vehicles 9th Ulm Electrochemical Talks Germany 2004
- Bitsche , O. and Gutmann , G. Systems for Hybrid Cars J ournal of Power Sources 127 1-2 2004 8 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.003
- Jeong , K.S. and Oh , B.S. Fuel Economy and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle Journal of Power Sources 105 1 2002 58 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00965-X
- Markel , T. and Pesaran , A. Energy Storage System for Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles. Status Report Joint VSATT and ESTT Meeting 2006
- Pede , G. , Iacobazzi , A. , Passerini , S. , Bobbio , A. et al. FC Vehicle Hybridisation: An Affordable Solution for an Energy-Efficient FC Powered Drive Train Journal of Power Sources 125 2 2004 280 291 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.07.018
- BMW 2023 https://www.bmw.com/en/innovation/how-hydrogen-fuel-cell-cars-work.html
- Reif , K. Konventioneller Antriebsstrang und Hybridantriebe Wiesbaden Vieweg+Teubner Verlag 2010 978-3-8348-1303-9
- Reif , K. , Noreikat , K.E. , and Borgeest , K. Kraftfahrzeug-Hybridantriebe Wiesbaden Vieweg+Teubner Verlag 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-2050-1
- Hofmann , P. Hybridfahrzeuge Wien Springer-Verlag 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1780-4
- Lukic , S.M. and Emadi , A. Effects of Drivetrain Hybridization on Fuel Economy and Dynamic Performance of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 53 2 2004 385 389 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2004.823525
- Kim , M.-J. and Peng , H. Power Management and Design Optimization of Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Vehicles Journal of Power Sources 165 2 2007 819 832 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.038
- Atwood , P. , Gurski , S. , Nelson , D. , and Wipke , K. Degree of Hybridization Modeling of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Sport Utility Vehicle SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0236 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0236
- Braumandl , A. , Bause , K. , and Schlüter , F. Methodik zur Bewertung von Hybridisierungskonzepten und –grad von Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen betriebener Fahrzeuge 7th Kolloquium Future Mobility Germany 2019
- Spaniel , D. 2003
- Treffinger , P. and Brinner , A. Energiemanagement von Brennstoffzellenantrieben VDI-Berichte 1646 2001 513 529
- Ouyang , M. , Xu , L. , Li , J. , Lu , L. , et al. Performance Comparison of Two Fuel Cell Hybrid Buses with Different Powertrain and Energy Management Strategies Journal of Power Sources 163 1 467 479 2006 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.033
- Lohse-Busch , H. , Duoba , M. , Stutenberg , K. , Iliev , S. et al. 2018 https://doi.org/10.2172/1463251
- Honda Info Center Specifications - 2021 Clarity Fuel Cell 2023 https://www.hondainfocenter.com/2021/Clarity-Fuel-Cell/Feature-Guide/Specifications/
- Green Car Congress 2023 https://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/10/20151027-clarity.html
- Econologie 2023 https://www.econologie.com/file/transports/Honda_Clarity_Press.pdf
- Matsunaga , M. , Fukushima , T. , and Ojima , K. Advances in the Power train System of Honda FCX Clarity Fuel Cell Vehicle SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1012 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1012
- World Auto Steel 2023 http://www.worldautosteel.org/download_files/FutureSteelVehicle%20Results%20and%20Reports/FSV_Phase1_EngineeringStudyReport_05192009.pdf
- H2 Tools 2023 https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/ix35%20FCEV%20ERG_Eng.pdf
- Hyundai 2023 https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/newsroom/hyundai-ix35-fuel-cell-0000001596
- Hyundai 2023 https://www.hyundai-n.com/en/models/rolling-lab/n-vision-74.do
- Hyundai 2023 https://www.hyundainews.com/assets/documents/original/39958-2020NEXOProductGuidespecs010820pptx.pdf
- Mohrdieck , D.C. Next Generation Fuel Cell Technology for Passenger Cars and Buses World Electr. Veh. J. 3 2 2009 209 213 https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj3020209
- Mercedes-Benz Group Media 2023 https://group-media.mercedes-benz.com/marsMediaSite/de/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-GLC-F-CELL-Elektromobiles-Doppelherz-Batterie-und-Brennstoffzelle.xhtml?oid=41475770
- Sery , J. and Leduc , P. Fuel Cell Behavior and Energy Balance on Board a Hyundai Nexo International Journal of Engine Research 23 5 2021 709 720 https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211059046
- Toyota 2023 https://global.toyota/pages/news/images/2020/12/09/1200/20201209_01_02_en.pdf
- Toyota 2023 https://www.toyota.com/content/dam/toyota/brochures/pdf/2022/mirai_ebrochure.pdf
- Stellantis 2023 https://www.stellantis.com/content/dam/stellantis-corporate/news/media-events/HYDROGEN-FUEL-CELL-ZERO-EMISSION_PRESSKIT.pdf
- Hyvia 2023 https://www.hyvia.eu/en/vehicle/master-van-h2-tech/
- Hyundai Truck & Bus 2023 https://trucknbus.hyundai.com/hydrogen/en/hydrogen-vehicles/elec-city-fuel-cell
- OTS 2023 https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20220225_OTS0092/hyundai-elec-city-fuel-cell
- Regionalverkehr Verlag 2023 https://www.regionalverkehr.de/pages/rv_meld_090820.htm#:~:text=Die%20Akkus%20haben%20eine%20Kapazit%C3%A4t,mehrere%20Kilometer%20allein%20batteriebetrieben%20fahren
- Daimler Truck 2023 https://media.daimlertruck.com/marsMediaSite/de/instance/ko/Grosse-Reichweite-ohne-aufwendige-Zwischenladung-Der-Mercedes-Benz-eCitaro-Range-Extender-mit-Brennstoffzelle.xhtml?oid=52029736
- Solaris 2023 https://www.solarisbus.com/de/presse/weltpremiere-fur-den-urbino-18-hydrogen-und-solaristalks-2022-1829
- Solaris 2023 https://www.solarisbus.com/en/vehicles/zero-emissions/hydrogen
- Regionalverkehr Köln 2023 https://www.rvk.de/fileadmin/images/Null_Emissio/2018_Datenblatt_Van_Hool.pdf
- WRIGHT 2023 https://wrightbus.com/en-gb/gb-kite-hydroliner-fcev
- Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen 2023 https://www.bast.de/DE/Publikationen/Berichte/unterreihe-v/2018-2017/v290.html;jsessionid=CD450E40C8A347CEF044B94A067E420B.live11313?nn=1836400