This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Thermo-Diffusive Flame Speed Adjustment and its Application to Hydrogen Engines
Technical Paper
2023-01-0197
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Practical direct injection hydrogen combustion applications typically require operating the engine in the lean regime. Lean hydrogen flames feature strong thermo-diffusive instability effects making 3D CFD simulations challenging. In particular where the calibrated model is required to operate across a range of equivalence ratios without adjustment and provide accurate results on coarse grids necessitated by the run-times of 3D CFD. In this paper we present a 3D CFD study of a Euro VI HD diesel engine converted to operate on hydrogen gas using direct injection. A scaling methodology recently proposed for conversion from constrained to freely propagating flame based on DNS data is implemented. A laminar flame speed tabulation is developed based on the conversion of 1D results obtained from direct kinetics simulations to freely propagating flame expression considering the behaviour of the thermo-diffusive instability for a wide range of pressures, temperatures and equivalence ratios. The resulting approach is applied to model engine operation under a set of fuelling conditions ranging from λ = 2.5 to λ = 3.5 within the framework of a G-equation/RANS combustion model with tabulated kinetics. Discussion of the meshing requirements is also presented. The resulting model is demonstrated to accurately predict the trends in engine performance and correctly capture the flame acceleration driven by thermo-diffusive effects.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Hernandez, I., Turquand d'Auzay, C., Penning, R., Shapiro, E. et al., "Thermo-Diffusive Flame Speed Adjustment and its Application to Hydrogen Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2023-01-0197, 2023, https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0197.Also In
References
- https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/international-action-climate-change/climate-negotiations/paris-agreement_en
- https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/energy-and-green-deal_en
- Krause , J. , Yugo , M. , Samaras , Z. , Edwards , S. et al. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4218436
- Kovacs , D. , Rezaei , R. , Englert , F. , Hayduk , C. et al. High Efficiency HD Hydrogen Combustion Engines: Improvement potentials for Future Regulations SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-0477 2022 https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0477
- Kim , S. and Kim , J. Feasibility Assessment of Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Spark-Ignition Engine for Heavy-Duty Long-Distance Vehicle Application Energy Conversion and Management 252 2022 115048 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.115048
- Serrano , J. , Jiménez-Espadafor , F.J. , and López , A. Prediction of Hydrogen-Heavy Fuel Combustion Process with Water Addition in an Adapted Low Speed Two Stroke Diesel Engine: Performance Improvement Applied Thermal Engineering 195 2021 117250 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117250
- Liu , L. , Tan , F. , Wu , Z. , Wang , Y. et al. Comparison of the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of NH3/NH4NO2 and NH3/H2 in a Two-Stroke Low Speed Marine Engine International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47 40 2022 17778 17787 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.239
- https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/35209996.html
- https://www.yamaha-motor.eu/cy/en/news/tapping-the-potential-within-100--hydrogen-powered-engines/#/
- Fayaz , H. , Saidur , R. , Razali , N. , Anuar , F.S. et al. An Overview of Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 2012 5511 5528 10.1016/j.rser.2012.06.012
- Verhelst , S. and Wallner , T. Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35 2009 490 527 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001
- Li , H. , Karim , G. , and Sohrabi , A. Examination of the Oil Combustion in a S.I. Hydrogen Engine SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-2916 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2916
- Singh , A.P. , Pal , A. , Kumar Gupta , N. , and Kumar Agarwal , A. Particulate Emissions from Laser Ignited and Spark Ignited Hydrogen Fueled Engines International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 2017 15956 15965 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.031
- Takagi , Y. , Oikawa , M. , Sato , R. , Kojiya , Y. et al. Near-Zero Emissions with High Thermal Efficiency Realized by Optimizing Jet Plume Location Relative to Combustion Chamber Wall, Jet Geometry and Injection Timing in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 2019 9456 9465 https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.058
- Naganuma , K. , Honda , T. , Yamane , K. , Takagi , Y. et al. Efficiency and Emissions-Optimized Operating Strategy of a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine for Heavy-Duty Trucks SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2010 132 140 10.4271/2009-01-2683
- Rezaei , R. , Kovacs , D. , Hayduk , C. , Mennig , M. et al. Euro VII and beyond with Hydrogen Combustion for Commercial Vehicle Applications: From Concept to Series Development SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-1196 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1196
- Howarth , T.L. and Aspden , A.J. An Empirical Characteristic Scaling Model for Freely-Propagating Lean Premixed Hydrogen Flames Combustion and Flame 237 2022 111805 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111805
- Lapenna , P.E. , Lamioni , R. , and Creta , F. Subgrid Modeling of Intrinsic Instabilities in Premixed Flame Propagation Proc. Comb. Institute 38 2021 2001 2011 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.192
- Matalon , M. , Cui , C. , and Bechtold , J.K. Hydrodynamic Theory of Premixed Flames: Effects of Stoichiometry, Variable Transport Coefficients and Arbitrary Reaction Orders J. Fluid Mech. 487 2003 179 10.1017/S0022112003004683
- Tsujimura , T. , Mikami , S. , Achiha , N. , Tokunaga , Y. et al. A Study of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled with Hydrogen SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0761 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0761
- Petersen , B.R. and Ghandhi , J.B. Transient High-Pressure Hydrogen Jet Measurements SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0652 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0652
- Peters , N. Turbulent Combustion Cambridge University Press 2000
- Zimont , V. , Polifke , W. , Bettelini , M. , and Weisenstein , W. An Efficient Computational Model for Premixed Turbulent Combustion at High Reynolds Numbers Based on a Turbulent Flame Speed Closure J. of Gas Turbine Power 120 1998 526 532 10.1115/1.2818178
- Bradley , D. , Lawes , M. , Liu , K. , Verhelst , S. et al. Laminar Burning Velocities of Lean Hydrogen-Air Mixtures at Pressures up to 1.0MPa Combustion and Flame 149 2007 162 172 10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.12.002
- Halter , F. , Chauveau , C. , and Gokalp , I. Characterization of the Effects of Hydrogen Addition in Premixed Methane/Air Flames Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 32 13 2007 2585 2592 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.033
- Keppeler , R. and Pfitzner , M. Modelling of Landau-Darrieus and Thermo-Diffusive Instability Effects for CFD Simulations of Laminar and Turbulent Premixed Combustion Comb. Theory and Modelling 19 1 2015 1 28 10.1080/13647830.2014.975747
- Chaudhuri , S. , Akkerman , V. , and Law , C.K. Spectral Formulation of Turbulent Flame Speed with Consideration of Hydrodynamic Instability Phys. Rev. E 026322 2011 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.026322
- Liu , Z. , Yang , S. , Law , C.K. , and Saha , A. Cellular Instability in Le < 1 Turbulent Expanding Flames Proc. Comb. Institute 37 2019 2611 2618 10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.056
- Katzy , P. 2020
- Dinkelacker , F. , Manickam , B. , and Muppala , S.P.R. Modelling and Simulation of Lean Premixed Turbulent Methane/Hydrogen/Air Flames with an Effective Lewis Number Approach Combustion and Flame 158 9 2011 1742 1749 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.003
- Muppala , S.P.R. Modelling of Turbulent Hydrogen-Blended Premixed Flames Using Algebraic Flame Surface Wrinkling Closure for the Lewis Numbers and Mean Local Burning Velocity Alexandria Engineering Journal 61 2022 9485 9494 10.1016/j.aej.2022.03.026
- Howarth , T.L. , Hunt , E.F. , and Aspden , A.J. 2022
- Rouleau , L. , Duffour , F. , Walter , B. , Kumar , R. et al. Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine SAE Technical Paper 2021-24-0060 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0060
- Donaldson , C.D.P. and Snedeker , R.S. A Study of Free Jet Impingement. Part 1. Mean Properties of Free and Impinging Jets J. Fluid Mech. 45 1971 281 319
- Lazzaro , M. , Catapano , F. , and Sementa , P. Experimental Characterization of Methane Direct Injection from an Outward-Opening Poppet-Valve Injector SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0135 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0135
- Przulj , V. , Birkby , P. , and Mason , P.
- Przulj , V. and Basara , B. Bounded Convection Schemes for Unstructured Grids AIAA 2001–2593 2001 10.2514/6.2001-2593
- Przulj , V. Generalized SIMPLE–Based Pressure Correction Method for Unstructured Colocated Grids AIAA Journal 54 5 2001 1542 1553 10.2514/1.J054505
- Przulj , V.
- Han , Z. and Reitz , R.D. A Temperature Wall Function Formulation for Variable-Density Turbulent Flows with Application to Engine Convective Heat Transfer Modeling Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 1997 613 625 10.1016/0017-9310(96)00117-2
- Bo , T. Multiple-Cylinder Diesel Engine Combustion CFD Simulation with Detailed Chemistry Based IPV-Library Approach SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1495 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1495
- Konnov , A.A. Yet another Kinetic Mechanism for Hydrogen Combustion Comb. Flame 203 2019 14 22 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.01.032
- Landau , L.D. on the Theory of Slow Combustion Dynamics of Curved Fronts 1988 403 411 10.1016/B978-0-08-092523-3.50044-7
- Matalon , M. The Darrieus-Landau Instability of Premixed Flames Fluid Dynamics Research 50 2018 051412 10.1088/1873-7005/aab510
- Law , C.K. and Sung , C.J. Structure, Aerodynamics and Geometry of Premixed Flamelets Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 26 4-6 2000 459 505 10.1016/S0360-1285(00)00018-6
- Goodwin , D.G. , Moffat , H.K. , Schoegl , I. , Speth , R.L. , and Weber , B.W. https://www.cantera.org 2018 10.5281/zenodo.6387882
- Tallu , G. , Beck , L.M. , Prouvier , M. , Winkler , A. et al. rd
- Downes , T. The Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine - A Zero-Carbon Update to a Familiar Energy Converter Ricardo Virtual Simulation Day 2022
- Shapiro , E. , Turquand d’Auzay , C. , Hernandez , I. and Ahmed , I. Managing Complexity in Internal Combustion Engine Modelling for Virtual Product Development UK Consortium on Turbulent and Reacting Flows Conference 2021
- Shapiro , E. , Tiney , N. , Kyrtatos , P. , Kotzagianni , M. et al. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Pre-Chamber Combustion Systems for Lean Burn gas Engines SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0260 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0260
- Turquand d'Auzay , C. , Shapiro , E. , Prouvier , M. , Winkler , A. et al. Evaluation of Fast Detailed Kinetics Calibration Methodology for 3D CFD Simulations of Spray Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-1042 2022 https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-1042
- Liu , J. and Dumitrescu , C.E. 3D CFD Simulation of a CI Engine Converted to SI Natural Gas Operation Using the G-Equation Fuel 232 2018 833 844 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.159