This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Lean Combustion Analysis of a Plasma-Assisted Ignition System in a Single Cylinder Engine fueled with E85
Technical Paper
2022-24-0034
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Engine research community is developing innovative strategies capable of reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while ensuring, at the same time, satisfactory performances. Spark ignition engines operation with highly diluted or lean mixture is demonstrated to be beneficial for engine efficiency and emissions while arduous for combustion initiation and stability. Traditional igniters are unsuitable for such working conditions, therefore, advanced ignition systems have been developed to improve combustion robustness. To overcome the inherent efficiency limit of combustion engines, the usage of renewable fuels is largely studied and employed to offer a carbon neutral transition to a cleaner future. For such a reason, both innovative ignition systems and bio or E-fuels are currently being investigated as alternatives to the previous approaches.
Within this context, the present work proposes a synergetic approach which combines the benefits of a biofuel blend, i.e. E85, in conjunction with a plasma-assisted ignition system, i.e. barrier discharge igniter. The presence of oxygen within the ethanol fuel molecules, together with the ignition promoters due to the barrier discharge, accelerate the flame speed thus enhancing combustion on-set and stability. E85 allows for a remarkable reduction of CO and unburned HC with respect to gasoline while the barrier discharge ensures stable combustion at lean and/or diluted conditions thus lowering fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 and NOx.
Tests were carried out on a single cylinder optical access engine working under port fuel injection mode. A combustion and performance metrics comparison with a conventional spark igniter is performed either in gasoline or E85. The engine was operated with different air-fuel ratios up to the lean stable limit for each combination of igniter and fuel. The combustion analysis exploits a simultaneous collection of indicating and imaging data as well as raw emissions of nitrogen oxides.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Martinelli, R., Ricci, F., Zembi, J., Battistoni, M. et al., "Lean Combustion Analysis of a Plasma-Assisted Ignition System in a Single Cylinder Engine fueled with E85," SAE Technical Paper 2022-24-0034, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-24-0034.Also In
References
- Shuai , S. , Ma , X. , Li , Y. et al. Recent Progress in Automotive Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology Automot Innov 1 2018 95 113
- Reitz , R.D. , Ogawa , H. , Payri , R. et al. IJER Editorial: The Future of the Internal Combustion Engine Int J Engine Res 21 2020 3 10
- Takahashi , E. , Kojima , H. , and Furutani , H. Advanced Ignition Technology for the Achievement of High Thermal Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engine Synth English Ed 8 2015 187 195
- Nakata , K. et al. Engine Technologies for Achieving 45% Thermal Efficiency of S.I. Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 2015 179 192
- Ausfelder , F. and Wagemann , K. Power-to-Fuels: E-Fuels as an Important Option for a Climate-Friendly Mobility of the Future Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 92 1-2 2020 21 30
- Wei , H. , Zhu , T. , Shu , G. , Tan , L. et al. Gasoline Engine Exhaust Gas Recirculation - A Review Appl Energy 99 2012 534 544 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012. 05.011
- Jung , D. and Lee , S. An Investigation on the Potential of Dedicated Exhaust Gas Re-circulation for Improving Thermal Efficiency of Stoichiometric and Lean Spark Ignition Engine Operation Appl Energy 228 2018 1754 1766
- Li , T. , Wang , B. , and Zheng , B. A Comparison between Miller and Five-Stroke Cycles for Enabling Deeply Downsized, Highly Boosted, Spark-Ignition Engines with Ultra- expansion Energy Convers Manag 123 2016 140 152
- Zhu , S. , Hu , B. , Akehurst , S. , Copeland , C. et al. A Review of Water Injection Applied on the Internal Combustion Engine Energy Convers Manag 184 2019 139 158
- Zembi , J. , Battistoni , M. , Ranuzzi , F. , Cavina , N. et al. CFD Analysis of Port Water Injection in a GDI Engine under Incipient Knock Conditions Energies 12 2019 3409
- Gong , C. , Li , Z. , Chen , Y. , Liu , J. et al. Influence of Ignition Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition Methanol Engine with Added Hydrogen under Lean- Burn Conditions Fuel 235 2019 227 238
- Jung , D. and Iida , N. An Investigation of Multiple Spark Discharge Using Multi-Coil Ignition System for Improving Thermal Efficiency of Lean SI Engine Operation Appl Energy 212 2018 322 332
- Szybist , J.P. , Busch , S. , McCormick , R.L. , Pihl , J.A. et al. What Fuel Properties Enable Higher Thermal Efficiency in Spark-Ignited Engines? Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 82 2021 100876 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100876
- Puricelli S. , Cardellini G. , Casadei S. , Faedo D. , van den Oever A.E.M. , and Grosso M. A Review on Biofuels for Light-Duty Vehicles in Europe Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 137 110398 2021
- Hombach , L.E. , Doré , L. , Heidgen , K. , Maas , H. et al. Economic and Environmental Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2030) Use of E-Fuels in Light-Duty Vehicles in Germany J. Clean. Prod. 207 2019 153 162
- Osman , A.I. , Mehta , N. , Elgarahy , A.M. , Al-Hinai , A. et al. Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels and Life Cycle Assessment: A Review Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 6 2021 4075 4118
- Thangavelu , S.K. , Ahmed , A.S. , and Ani , F.N. Review on Bioethanol as Alternative Fuel for Spark Ignition Engines Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 56 2016 820 835
- Mussatto , S.I. , Dragone , G. , Guimarães , P.M. , Silva , J.P. et al. Technological Trends, Global Market, and Challenges of Bio-Ethanol Production Biotechnol Adv 28 2010 817 830
- Stein , R.A. , Anderson , J.E. , and Wallington , T.J. An Overview of the Effects of Ethanol- Gasoline Blends on SI Engine Performance, fuel Efficiency, and Emissions SAE Int J Engines 6 1 2013 470 487
- Sadeghinezhad , E. , Kazi , S.N. , Sadeghinejad , F. , Badarudin , A. et al. A Comprehensive Literature Review of Bio-Fuel Performance in Internal Combustion Engine and Relevant Costs Involvement Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30 2014 29 44
- Balki , M.K. , Sayin , C. , and Canakci , M. The Effect of Different Alcohol Fuels on the Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Fuel 115 2014 901 906
- Turner , D. , Xu , H. , Cracknell , R.F. , Natarajan , V. et al. Combustion Performance of Bio-ethanol at Various Blend Ratios in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Fuel 90 2011 1999 2006
- Celik , M.B. Experimental Determination of Suitable Ethanol-Gasoline Blend Rate at High Compression Ratio for Gasoline Engine Appl Therm Eng 28 2008 396 404
- Yoon , S.H. and Lee , C.S. Effect of Undiluted Bioethanol on Combustion and Emissions Reduction in a SI Engine at Various Charge Air Conditions Fuel 97 2012 887 890
- Kabasin , D.F. , Hurter , T. , Lamers , R. , Hoyer , K. et al. Heated Injectors for Ethanol Cold Starts SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2 1 2009 172 179 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0615
- Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2nd McGraw-Hill 2018
- Aleiferis , P.G. and Behringer , M.K. Flame Front Analysis of Ethanol, Butanol, Iso-octane and Gasoline in a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Laser Tomography and Integral Length Scale Measurements Combustion and Flame 162 12 2015 4533 4552 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.008
- Zhuang , Y. and Hong , G. Primary Investigation to Leveraging Effect of Using Ethanol Fuel on Reducing Gasoline Fuel Consumption Fuel 105 2013 425 431
- Canakci , M. , Ozsezen , A.N. , Alptekin , E. , and Eyidogan , M. Impact of Alcohol Gasoline Fuel Blends on the Exhaust Emission of an SI Engine Renew Energy 52 2013 111 117
- Qi , D.H. and Lee , C.F. Combustion and Emissions Behaviour for Ethanol-Gasoline- Blended Fuels in a Multipoint Electronic Fuel Injection Engine Int J Sustain Energy 35 2016 323 338
- Park , C. , Choi , Y. , Kim , C. , Oh , S. et al. Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Engine Using Ethanol and Ethanol-Reformed Gas Fuel 89 2010 2118 2125
- Türköz , N. , Erkus , B. , Karamangil , M.I. , Sürmen , A. et al. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of E85 on Engine Performance and Emissions under Various Ignition Timings Fuel 115 2014 826 832
- Hsieh , W.D. , Chen , R.H. , Wu , T.L. , and Lin , T.H. Engine Performance and Pollutant Emission of an SI Engine Using Ethanol-Gasoline Blended Fuels Atmos Environ 36 2002 403 410
- Zembi , J. , Ricci , F. , and Grimaldi , C. Numerical Simulation of the Early Flame Development Produced by a Barrier Discharge Igniter in an Optical Access Engine SAE Technical Paper 2021-24-0011 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0011
- Zembi , J. , Cruccolini , V. , Mariani , F. , Scarcelli , R. et al. Modeling of Thermal and Kinetic Processes in Non-equilibrium Plasma Ignition Applied to a Lean Combustion Engine Applied Thermal Engineering 197 2021 117377 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117377
- Shiraishi , T. and Urushihara , T. Fundamental Analysis of Combustion Initiation Characteristics of Low Temperature Plasma Ignition for Internal Combustion Gasoline Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0660 2011 399 408 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0660
- Breden , D. , Idicheria , C. , Keum , S. , Najt , P. et al. Modeling of a Dielectric-Barrier Discharge-Based Cold Plasma Combustion Ignition System IEEE TranPlasma Sci 47 1 2019 410 418 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2018.2882830
- Ju , Y. and Sun , W. Plasma Assisted Combustion: Dynamics and Chemistry Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 48 2015 21 83
- Starikovskiy , A. and Aleksandrov , N. Plasma-Assisted Ignition and Combustion Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 39 1 2013 61 110 10.1016/j. pecs.2012.05.003
- Cruccolini , V. , Scarcelli , R. , Battistoni , M. , Grimaldi , C.N. et al. Multidimensional Modeling of Non-equilibrium Plasma Generated by a Radio-Frequency Corona Discharge Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 11 2020 115013 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/abb938
- Ricci , F. , Cruccolini , V. , Discepoli , G. , Petrucci , L. et al. Luminosity and Thermal Energy Measurement and Comparison of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge in an Optical Pressure-Based Calorimeter at Engine Relevant Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0427 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0427
- Ricci , F. et al. Energy Characterization of an Innovative non-Equilibrium Plasma Ignition System Based on the Dielectric Barrier Discharge via Pressure-Rise Calorimetry Energy Convers. Manag. 244 2021 114458
- Cruccolini , V. et al. Comparative Analysis between a Barrier Discharge Igniter and a Streamer-Type Radio-Frequency Corona Igniter in an Optically Accessible Engine in Lean Operating Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0276 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0276
- Cruccolini , V. et al. An Optical Method to Characterize Streamer Variability and Streamer-to-Flame Transition for Radio-Frequency Corona Discharges App Sci 2020
- Ricci , F. , Martinelli , R. , Petrucci , L. , Discepoli , G. et al. Streamers Variability Investigation of a Radio Frequency Corona Discharge in an Optical Access Engine at Different Speeds and Loads 76th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association (ATI 2021) 2021 Roma, Italy
- Ricci , F. , Petrucci , L. , Cruccolini , V. , Discepoli , G. et al. Investigation of the Lean Stable Limit of a Barrier Discharge Igniter and of a Streamer-Type Corona Igniter at Different Engine Loads in a Single-Cylinder Research Engine Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings 58 1 2020 11
- Pineda , D.I. , Wolk , B. , Chen , J.-Y. , and Dibble , R.W. Application of Corona Discharge Ignition in a Boosted Direct-Injection Single Cylinder Gasoline Engine: Effects on Combustion Phasing, Fuel Consumption, and Emissions SAE Int. J. Engines 9 2016 1970 1988 10.4271/2016-019045
- Cruccolini , V. et al. Lean Combustion Analysis Using a Corona Discharge Igniter in an Optical Engine Fueled with Methane and a Hydrogen-Methane Blend Fuel 259 2020 116290 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116290
- Bhatti , S.S. , Verma , S. , and Tyagi , S.K. Energy and Exergy Based Performance Evaluation of Variable Compression Ratio Spark Ignition Engine Based on Experimental Work Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 9 2019 332 339 10.1016/j.tsep.2018.12.006
- Terry , O. , Rochussen , J. , and Kirchen , P. Development of a Modular, Dry-Running Bowditch Piston with Efficient Window Cleaning SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0635 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0635
- Irimescu , A. , Tornatore , C. , Marchitto , L. , and Merola , S.S. Compression Ratio and Blow-by Rates Estimation Based on Motored Pressure Trace Analysis for an Optical Spark Ignition Engine Appl. Therm. Eng. 61 2 2013 101 109 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.07.036
- Owen , K. and Coley , T. Automotive Fuels Reference Book 2nd USA Society of Automotive Engineers 1995
- Postrioti , L. , Caponeri , G. , Buitoni , G. , and Van Vuuren , N. Experimental Assessment of a Novel Instrument for the Injection Rate Measurement of Port Fuel Injectors in Realistic Operating Conditions SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10 2 2017 344 351 10.4271/2017-01-0830
- Cimarello , A. , Grimaldi , C.N. , Mariani , F. , Battistoni , M. et al. Analysis of RF Corona Ignition in Lean Operating Conditions Using an Optical Access Engine SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0673 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0673
- Shawal , S. et al. High-Speed Imaging of Early Flame Growth in Spark-Ignited Engines Using Different Imaging Systems via Endoscopic and Full Optical Access SAE Int. J. Engines 9 2 2016 704 718 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016- 01-0644
- Discepoli , G. , Cruccolini , V. , Ricci , F. , Di Giuseppe , A. et al. Experimental Characterisation of the Thermal Energy Released by a Radio- Frequency Corona Igniter in Nitrogen and Air Appl. Energy 263 2020 114617
- Aleiferis , P.G. , Serras-Pereira , J. , and Richardson , D. Characterisation of Flame Development with Ethanol, Butanol, Iso-Octane, Gasoline and Methane in a Direct- Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel 109 2013 256 278 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.12.088
- Langhorst , T. , Toedter , O. , Koch , T. , Niethammer , B. et al. Investigations on Spark and Corona Ignition of Oxymethylene Ether-1 and Dimethyl Carbonate Blends with Gasoline by High- Speed Evaluation of OH* Chemiluminescence SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 11 1 2018 5 20 10.4271/04-11-01-0001