This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Modeling Fuel-Air Mixing, Combustion and Soot Formation with Ducted Fuel Injection Using Tabulated Kinetics
Technical Paper
2022-01-0403
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI) has the potential to reduce soot emissions in Diesel engines thanks to the enhanced mixing rate resulting from the liquid fuel flow through a small cylindrical pipe located at a certain distance from the nozzle injector hole. A consolidated set of experiments in constant-volume vessel and engine allowed to understand the effects of ambient conditions, duct geometry and shape on fuel-air mixing, combustion and soot formation. However, implementation of this promising technology in compression-ignition engines requires predictive numerical models that can properly support the design of combustion systems in a wide range of operating conditions.
This work presents a computational methodology to predict fuel-air mixing and combustion with ducted fuel injection. Attention is mainly focused on turbulence and combustion modelling. The first is mainly responsible for the mixture formation process in presence of large velocity gradients and flow recirculations, while the second must include detailed kinetics and turbulence chemistry-interaction to correctly predict ignition delay and flame structure. Literature experimental data were used for model assessment and validation under different ambient conditions considering both free-spray and ducted fuel injection configurations. Two different RANS turbulence models were tested (k − ε and k− ω −SST) to evaluate how they describe the flow in the duct region and the air/fuel mixing occurring downstream. Afterwards, combustion simulations were carried out using a tabulated flamelet progress variable model based on auto-ignition calculations of diffusion flames using detailed kinetics. Experimental data of ignition delay, flame lift-off and soot mass evolution were used to validate the proposed approach.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Lucchini, T., Zhou, Q., D'Errico, G., and Severgnini, D., "Modeling Fuel-Air Mixing, Combustion and Soot Formation with Ducted Fuel Injection Using Tabulated Kinetics," SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-0403, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0403.Also In
References
- DENA “E-FUELS” STUDY: The Potential of Electricity-Based Fuels for Low-Emission Transport in the EU Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH 2017
- Ris , C. U.S. Epa Health Assessment for Diesel Engine Exhaust: A Review Inhalation Toxicology 19 sup1 2007 229 239
- Bond , T.C. , Doherty , S.J. , Fahey , D.W. , Forster , P.M. et al. Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment Journal of Geo-physical Research: Atmospheres 118 11 2013 5380 5552
- Polonowski , C.J. , Mueller , C.J. , Gehrke , C.R. , Bazyn , T. et al. An Experimental Investigation of Low-Soot and Soot-Free Combustion Strategies in a Heavy-Duty, Single-Cylinder, Direct-Injection, Optical Diesel Engine SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 5 1 2011
- Chartier , C. , Aronsson , U. , Andersson , I. , Egnell , R. , et al. Analysis of Smokeless Spray Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine by Combined Simultaneous Optical Diagnostics SAE World Congress And Exhibition SAE International apr 2009
- Gehmlich , R.K. , Dumitrescu , C.E. , Wang , Y. , and Mueller , C.J. Leaner Lifted-Flame Combustion Enabled by the Use of an Oxygenated Fuel in an Optical Ci Engine SAE International Journal of Engines 9 3 2016 1526 1543
- Mueller , C.J. , Nilsen , C.W. , Ruth , D.J. , Gehmlich , R.K. et al. Ducted Fuel Injection: A New Approach for Lowering Soot Emissions from Direct-Injection Engines Applied Energy 204 2017 206 220
- Meijer , M. , Somers , B. , Johnson , J. , Naber , J. et al. Engine Combustion Network (ecn): Characterization and Comparison of Boundary Conditions for Different Combustion Vessels Atomization and Sprays 22 9 2012 777 806
- Manin , J. , Pickett , L. , and Skeen , S. Two-Color Diffused Back-Illumination Imaging as a Diagnostic for Time-Resolved Soot Measurements in Reacting Sprays SAE International Journal of Engines 6 1 2013 1908 1921
- Gehmlich , R.K. , Mueller , C.J. , Ruth , D.J. , Nilsen , C.W. et al. Using Ducted Fuel Injection to Attenuate or Prevent Soot Formation in Mixing-Controlled Combustion Strategies for Engine Applications Applied Energy 226 2018 1169 1186
- Millo , F. , Piano , A. , Peiretti Paradisi , B. , Postrioti , L. et al. Ducted Fuel Injection: Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Fuel Spray Characteristics, Air/Fuel Mixing and Soot Mitigation Potential Fuel 289 2021
- Svensson , K. , Kim , C. , Seiler , P. , Martin , G. et al. Performance and Emission Results from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with Ducted Fuel Injection SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0503 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0503
- Wilmer , B.M. , Nilsen , C.W. , Biles , D.E. , Mueller , C.J. et al. Solid Particulate Mass and Number from Ducted Fuel Injection in an Optically Accessible Diesel Engine in Skip-Fired Operation International Journal of Engine Research 2021
- Nilsen , C.W. , Biles , D.E. , Yraguen , B.F. , and Mueller , C.J. Ducted Fuel Injection vs. Conventional Diesel Combustion: Extending the Load Range in an Optical Engine with a Four-Orifice Fuel Injector SAE International Journal of Engines 14 1 2020
- Nilsen , C.W. , Biles , D.E. , and Mueller , C.J. Using Ducted Fuel Injection to Attenuate Soot Formation in a Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine SAE International Journal of Engines 12 2019
- Liu , X. , Mohan , B. , and Im , H.G. Numerical Investigation of the Free and Ducted Fuel Injections Under Compression Ignition Conditions Energy and Fuels 34 11 2020 14832 14842
- Nilsen , C.W. , Yraguen , B.F. , Mueller , C.J. , Genzale , C. et al. Ducted Fuel Injection vs. Free-Spray Injection: A Study of Mixing and Entrainment Effects Using Numerical Modeling SAE International Journal of Engines 13 5 2020 705 715
- Lehtiniemi , H. , Zhang , Y. , Rawat , R. , and Mauss , F. Efficient 3-D CFD Combustion Modeling with Transient Flamelet Models SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0957 2008 https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0957
- Lucchini , T. , Pontoni , D. , and G. DErrico, and B. Somers. Modeling Diesel Combustion with Tabulated Kinetics and Different Flame Structure Assumptions Based on Flamelet Approach International Journal of Engine Research 21 1 2020 89 100
- Maghbouli , A. , Akkurt , B. , Lucchini , T. , D’Errico , G. et al. Modelling Compression Ignition Engines by Incorporation of the Flamelet Generated Manifolds Combustion Closure Combustion Theory and Modelling 23 3 2019 414 438
- Lucchini , T. , D’Errico , G. , Onorati , A. , Frassoldati , A. et al. Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion Using Tabulated Kinetics and Different Fame Structure Assumptions SAE International Journal of Engines 10 2 2017 593 607
- D'Errico , G. , Lucchini , T. , Hardy , G. , Tap , F. et al. Combustion Modeling in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines Using Detailed Chemistry and Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-0375 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0375
- Zhou , Q. , Lucchini , T. , DErrico , G. , Hardy , G. et al. Modeling Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Using Tabulated Kinetics in a Wide Range of Operating Conditions International Journal of Engine Research 22 4 2021 1116 1132
- Pati , A. , Paredi , D. , Welch , C. , Schmidt , M. et al. Numerical and Experimental Investigations of the Early Injection Process of Spray G in a Constant Volume Chamber and an Optically Accessible Disi Engine International Journal of Engine Research 2021
- Lucchini , T. , Della Torre , A. , D’Errico , G. , and Onorati , A. Modeling Advanced Combustion Modes in Compression Ignition Engines with Tabulated Kinetics Applied Energy 247 2019 537 548
- Zhou , Q. , Lucchini , T. , D'Errico , G. , Maes , N. et al. Computational Modeling of Diesel Spray Combustion with Multiple Injections SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 5 2020 2839 2858 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1155
- D’Errico , G. , Lucchini , T. , Contino , F. , Jangi , M. et al. Comparison of Well-Mixed and Multiple Representative Interactive Flamelet Approaches for Diesel Spray Combustion Modelling Combustion Theory and Modelling 18 1 2014 65 88
- Frassoldati , A. , D’Errico , G. , Lucchini , T. , Stagni , A. et al. Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms of Diesel Fuel Surrogate for Engine {CFD} Simulations Combustion and Flame 162 10 2015 3991 4007
- Peters , N. Laminar Diffusion Flamelet Models in Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 10 1984 319 339
- Lucchini , T. , D’Errico , G. , Onorati , A. , Bonandrini , G. et al. Development and Application of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Methodology to Predict Fuel-Air Mixing and Sources of Soot Formation in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines International Journal of Engine Research 15 5 2014 581 596
- Barths , H. , Hasse , C. , and Peters , N. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Non-Premixed Combustion in Direct Injection Diesel Engines International Journal of Engine Research 1 3 2000 249 267
- Varna , A. , Wehrfritz , A. , Hawkes , E. , Cleary , M. et al. Application of a Multiple Mapping Conditioning Mixing Model to Ecn Spray A Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37 3 2019 3263 3270
- Larmi , M. , Tanner , F. , and Kaario , O. Relating Integral Length Scale to Turbulent Time Scale and Comparing k-e and rng k-e Turbulence Models in Diesel Combustion Simulation SAE 2002 World Congress And Exhibition SAE International mar 2002
- Menter , F. Zonal Two Equation k-w Turbulence Models for Aerodynamic Flows 23rd Fluid Dynamics, Plasma-dynamics, and Lasers Conference 1993
- Menter , F.R. Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering Applications AIAA Journal 32 8 1994 1598 1605
- Leung , K.M. , Lindstedt , R.P. , and Jones , W.P. A Simplified Reaction Mechanism for Soot Formation in Nonpremixed Flames Combustion and Flame. 87 1991 289 305
- Bolla , M. , Farrace , D. , Wright , Y.M. , Boulouchos , K. et al. Influence of Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction for n-Heptane Spray Combustion Under Diesel Engine Conditions with Emphasis on Soot Formation and Oxidation Combustion Theory and Modelling 18 2 2014 330 360
- Kim , T. and Kim , Y. Interactive Transient Flamelet Modeling for Soot Formation and Oxidation Processes in Laminar Non-Premixed Jet Flames Combustion and Flame. 162 2015 1660 1678
- SANDIA http://www.ca.sandia.gov/ecn 2021
- Mueller , C.J. and Martin , G.C. Effects of Oxygenated Compounds on Combustion and Soot Evolution in a Di Diesel Engine:Broadband Natural Luminosity Imaging Spring Fuels And Lubricants Meeting And Exhibition SAE International 2002
- Reitz , R.D. Modeling Atomization Processes In High Pressure Vaporizing Sprays Atomization and Spray Technology 3 1987 309 337
- Baumgarten , C. Mixture Formation in Internal Combustion Engines Springer 2006
- Narayanaswamy , K. , Pepiot , P. , and Pitsch , H. A Chemical Mechanism for Low to High Temperature Oxidation of n-Dodecane as a Component of Transportation Fuel Surrogates Combustion and Flame 161 4 2014 866 884