This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Development of Phenomenological Models for Engine-Out Hydrocarbon Emissions from an SI DI Engine within a 0D Two-Zone Combustion Chamber Description
Technical Paper
2021-24-0008
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The increasingly stringent limits on pollutant emissions from internal combustion engine-powered vehicles require the optimization of advanced combustion systems by means of virtual development and simulation tools. Among the gaseous emissions from spark-ignition engines, the unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are the most challenging species to simulate because of the complexity of the multiple physical and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their emission. These mechanisms are mainly three-dimensional (3D) resulting from multi-phase physics - e.g., fuel injection, oil-film layer, etc. - and are difficult to predict even in complex 3D computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) simulations. Phenomenological models describing the relationships between the physical-chemical phenomena are of great interest for the modeling and simplification of such complex mechanisms. In addition, phenomenological models can be applied within simplified simulation environments, e.g., 0D-1D engine simulations, to enable predictions of HC emissions for a wide range of operating conditions. In this work, the development of phenomenological models to account for HC emissions from piston top-land crevices, wall flame quenching, and oil-film adsorption/desorption mechanisms is explained in detail. The model development is based on measurements and models from a single cylinder direct injection (DI) spark ignition (SI) research engine. Common modeling hypotheses and approaches from literature have been verified and further developed with 3D-CFD simulations. In particular, assumptions regarding local temperature and air-fuel ratio, which are necessary for HC modeling, have been developed on the basis of a zone post-processing of the 3D-CFD results. Additionally, a novel approach to describe HC post-oxidation, which is based on 0D-chemistry calculations, has been developed. The HC models have been implemented within a GT-POWER model of the engine in conjunction with a 0D two-zone combustion chamber description. The accuracy of the developed models has been tested against a large experimental database with varying engine load, speed, air to fuel ratio, valve timing, and oil/coolant temperature. The deviation in the HC emission prediction is mainly within 20% at warm engine operation. Higher deviations are observed at cold engine conditions because of the absence of secondary HC models which have not been considered in the present work.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Esposito, S., Diekhoff, L., Pitsch, H., and Pischinger, S., "Development of Phenomenological Models for Engine-Out Hydrocarbon Emissions from an SI DI Engine within a 0D Two-Zone Combustion Chamber Description," SAE Technical Paper 2021-24-0008, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0008.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 |
Also In
References
- Reitz , R.D. , Ogawa , H. , Payri , R. , Fansler , T. et al. IJER Editorial: The Future of the Internal Combustion Engine International Journal of Engine Research 21 1 2020 3 10 10.1177/1468087419877990
- Senecal , P.K. and Leach , F. Diversity in Transportation: Why a Mix of Propulsion Technologies is the Way Forward for the Future Fleet Results in Engineering 4 2019 100060 10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100060
- Leach , F. , Kalghatgi , G. , Stone , R. , and Miles , P. The Scope for Improving the Efficiency and Environmental Impact of Internal Combustion Engines Transportation Engineering 1 2020 100005 10.1016/j.treng.2020.100005
- Grasreiner , S. , Neumann , J. , Wensing , M. , and Hasse , C. Model-Based Virtual Engine Calibration with the Help of Phenomenological Methods for Spark-Ignited Engines Applied Thermal Engineering 121 2017 190 199 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.046
- Morcinkowski , B. , Adomeit , P. , Mally , M. , Esposito , S. et al. Emissionsvorhersage in der Entwicklung ottomotorischer EU7-Antriebe Experten-Forum Powertrain: Ladungswechsel und Emissionierung 2019 2020
- D’Errico , G. , Ferrari , G. , Onorati , A. , and Cerri , T. Modeling the Pollutant Emissions from a S.I. Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0006 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0006
- Dorsch , M. , Neumann , J. , and Hasse , C. Application of a Phenomenological Model for the Engine-Out Emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbons in Driving Cycles J. Energy Resour. Technol 138 2 2016 22201 10.1115/1.4031674
- Dorsch , M. , Neumann , J. , and Hasse , C. Fully Coupled Control of a Spark-Ignited Engine in Driving Cycle Simulations Automot. Engine Technol. 04 2 2019 146808741876722 10.1007/s41104-019-00050-0
- Andert , J. , Xia , F. , Klein , S. , Guse , D. et al. Road-to-Rig-to-Desktop: Virtual Development Using Real-Time Engine Modelling and Powertrain Co-Simulation International Journal of Engine Research 20 7 2019 686 695 10.1177/1468087418767221
- Claßen , J. , Pischinger , S. , Krysmon , S. , Sterlepper , S. et al. Statistically Supported Real Driving Emission Calibration: Using Cycle Generation to Provide Vehicle-Specific and Statistically Representative Test Scenarios for Euro 7 International Journal of Engine Research 21 10 2020 1783 1799 10.1177/1468087420935221
- Esposito , S. , Diekhoff , L. , and Pischinger , S. Prediction of Gaseous Pollutant Emissions from a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine with Gas-Exchange Simulation International Journal of Engine Research 2021 146808742110050 10.1177/14680874211005053
- Esposito , S. , Mally , M. , Cai , L. , Pitsch , H. et al. Validation of a RANS 3D-CFD Gaseous Emission Model with Space-, Species-, and Cycle-Resolved Measurements from an SI DI Engine Energies 13 17 2020 4287 10.3390/en13174287
- Esposito , S. 2020
- Flagan , R.C. and Seinfeld , J.H. Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1988 0-13-332537-7
- Hochgreb , S. Combustion-Related Emissions in SI Engines Sher , E. Handbook of Air Pollution From Internal Combustion Engines Elsevier 1998 118 170 9780126398557
- Cheng , W.K. , Hamrin , D. , Heywood , J.B. , Hochgreb , S. et al. An Overview of Hydrocarbon Emissions Mechanisms in Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 932708 1993 https://doi.org/10.4271/932708
- Alkidas , A.C. Combustion-Chamber Crevices: The Major Source of Engine-Out Hydrocarbon Emissions Under Fully Warmed Conditions Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 25 3 1999 253 273 10.1016/S0360-1285(98)00026-4
- Alkidas , A.C. The Effects of Head Gasket Geometry on Engine-Out HC Emissions from S.I. Engines SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3580 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3580
- Amano , T. and Okamoto , K. Unburned Hydrocarbons Emission Source from Engines SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3528 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3528
- Min , K. and Cheng , W.K. Oxidation of the Piston Crevice Hydrocarbon During the Expansion Process in a Spark Ignition Engine Combustion Science and Technology 106 4-6 1995 307 326 10.1080/00102209508907784
- Esposito , S. , Mauermann , P. , Lehrheuer , B. , Günther , M. et al. Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Space- and Species-Resolved Measurements of Engine-Out Emissions from a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0745 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0745
- Eng , J.A. The Effect of Spark Retard on Engine-out Hydrocarbon Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3867 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3867
- Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering McGraw-Hill, New York 1988 0-07-028637-X
- Trinker , F.H. , Cheng , J. , and Davis , G.C. A Feedgas HC Emission Model for SI Engines Including Partial Burn Effects SAE Technical Paper 932705 1993 https://doi.org/10.4271/932705
- Alkidas , A.C. , Drews , R.J. , and Miller , W.F. Effects of Piston Crevice Geometry on the Steady-State Engine-Out Hydrocarbons Emissions of a S.I. Engine SAE Technical Paper 952537 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/952537
- Sodré , J.R. and Yates , D.A. An Improved Model for Spark Ignition Engine Exhaust Hydrocarbons SAE Technical Paper 971011 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/971011
- Adamczyk , A.A. , Kaiser , E.W. , and Lavoie , G. A Combustion Bomb Study of the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Engine Crevices Combustion Science and Technology 33 5-6 1983 261 277 10.1080/00102208308923680
- Wentworth , J.T. Piston and Ring Variables Affect Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions SAE Technical Paper 680109 1968 https://doi.org/10.4271/680109
- Wentworth , J.T. The Piston Crevice Volume Effect on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions Combustion Science and Technology 4 1 1971 97 100 10.1080/00102207108952475
- Adamczyk , A.A. Hydrocarbon Emissions from an Annular Crevice: Effects of Spark/Insert Position, Equivalence Ratio and Pressure Combustion Science and Technology 64 4-6 1989 263 276 10.1080/00102208908924034
- Haag , J. , Heuer , J. , Krämer , M. , Pischinger , S. et al. Reduction of Hydrocarbon Emissions from SI-Engines by Use of Carbon Pistons SAE Technical Paper 952538 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/952538
- Janssen , C. 2010
- Schramm , J. and Sorenson , S.C. A Model for Hydrocarbon Emissions from SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 902169 1990 https://doi.org/10.4271/902169
- Min , K. and Cheng , W.K. In Cylinder Oxidation of the Piston-Crevice Hydrocarbon in SI-Engines International Symposium COMODIA 94 1994
- Frølund , K. and Schramm , J. Simulation of HC-Emissions from SI-Engines - A Parametric Study SAE Technical Paper 972893 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/972893
- Oliveira , I.B. and Hochgreb , S. Effect of Operating Conditions and Fuel Type on Crevice HC Emissions: Model Results and Comparison with Experiments SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3578 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3578
- Namazian , M. and Heywood , J.B. Flow in the Piston-Cylinder-Ring Crevices of a Spark-Ignition Engine: Effect on Hydrocarbon Emissions, Efficiency and Power SAE Technical Paper 820088 1982 https://doi.org/10.4271/820088
- Reitz , R.D. and Kuo , T.-W. Modeling of HC Emissions Due to Crevice Flows in Premixed-Charge Engines SAE Technical Paper 892085 1989 https://doi.org/10.4271/892085
- Tian , T. , Noordzij , L.B. , Wong , V. , and Heywood , J.B. Modeling Piston-Ring Dynamics, Blowby, and Ring-Twist Effects J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 120 4 1998 843 10.1115/1.2818477
- Salazar , V.M. 2008
- Vera , J. and Ghandhi , J. Investigation of Post-Flame Oxidation of Unburned Hydrocarbons in Small Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 2011 67 81 10.4271/2011-01-0141
- Suckart , D. , Linse , D. , Schutting , E. , and Eichlseder , H. Experimental and Simulative Investigation of Flame-Wall Interactions and Quenching in Spark-Ignition Engines Automot. Engine Technol. 2 1-4 2017 25 38 10.1007/s41104-016-0015-z
- Daniel , W.A. Flame Quenching at the Walls of an Internal Combustion Engine Symposium (International) on Combustion 6 1 1957 886 894 10.1016/S0082-0784(57)80125-8
- Lorusso , J.A. , Kaiser , E.W. , and Lavoie , G. In-Cylinder Measurements of Wall Layer Hydrocarbons in a Spark Ignited Engine Combustion Science and Technology 33 1-4 1983 75 112 10.1080/00102208308923669
- Hasse , C. , Bollig , M. , Peters , N. , and Dwyer , H.A. Quenching of Laminar iso-Octane Flames at Cold Walls Combustion and Flame 122 1-2 2000 117 129 10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00107-3
- Hasse , C. and Peters , N. Differences between iso-Octane and Methane during Wall Quenching with Respect to HC Emissions SAE Int. J. Engines 2000 10.4271/2000-01-2807
- Wu , K.-C. and Hochgreb , S. Chemical Kinetic Simulation of Hydrocarbon Oxidation through the Exhaust Port of a Spark Ignition Engine Combustion and Flame 107 4 1996 383 400 10.1016/S0010-2180(96)00095-8
- Peters , N. 2010
- Lavoie , G.A. , Heywood , J.B. , and Keck , J.C. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitric Oxide Formation in Internal Combustion Engines Combustion Science and Technology 1 4 1970 313 326 10.1080/00102206908952211
- Schramm , J. and Sorenson , S.C. Solubility of Gasoline Components in Different Lubricants for Combustion Engines Determined by Gas—Liquid Partition Chromatography Journal of Chromatography A 538 2 1991 241 248 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88844-0
- Huang , Z. , Pan , K. , Li , J. , Zhou , L. et al. An Investigation on Simulation Models and Reduction Methods of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions in Spark Ignition Engines Combustion Science and Technology 115 1-3 1996 105 123 10.1080/00102209608935525
- Yu , S. and Min , K. Effects of the Oil and Liquid Fuel Film on Hydrocarbon Emissions in Spark Ignition Engines Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216 9 2002 759 771 10.1243/09544070260340853
- Yildirim , A.M. , Gul , M.Z. , Ozatay , E. , and Karamangil , I. Simulation of Hydrocarbon Emissions from an SI Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 2006 10.4271/2006-01-1196
- de Albuquerque , P.C.C. , de Andrade Ávila , R.N. , Barros Zárante , P.H. , and Sodré , J.R. Lubricating Oil Influence on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Gasoline Fueled Engine Tribology International 44 12 1796 1799 2011 10.1016/j.triboint.2011.07.003
- Ihsan Karamangil , M. , Sürmen , A. , and Yenice , S. Mathematical Modeling of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil Film for Different Fuels Fuel 115 2014 818 825 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.035
- Dent , J.C. and Lakshminarayanan , P.A. A Model for Absorption and Desorption of Fuel Vapour by Cylinder Lubricating Oil Films and Its Contribution to Hydrocarbon Emissions SAE Technical Paper 830652 1983 https://doi.org/10.4271/830652
- Eng , J.A. , Leppard , W.R. , Najt , P.M. , and Dryer , F.L. The Effect of Fuel Composition on Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Spark Ignition Engine: iso-Octane/Toluene and n-Octane/Toluene Fuel Mixtures SAE Technical Paper 982557 1998 https://doi.org/10.4271/982557
- Lavoie , G.A. Correlations of Combustion Data for S. I. Engine Calculations - Laminar Flame Speed, Quench Distance and Global Reaction Rates SAE Technical Paper 780229 1978 https://doi.org/10.4271/780229
- Sodré , J.R. Further Improvements on a HC Emissions Model: Partial Burn Effects SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0222 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0222
- Tinaut , F.V. , Melgar , A. , and Horrillo , A.J. Utilization of a Quasi-Dimensional Model for Predicting Pollutant Emissions in SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0223 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0223
- Da Silva , L.L.C. and Nigro , F.E.B. Modeling of Hydrocarbons Formation and Emission in Gas Engines SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2038 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2038
- Esposito , S. , Cai , L. , Günther , M. , Pitsch , H. et al. Experimental Comparison of Combustion and Emission Characteristics between a Market Gasoline and Its Surrogate Combustion and Flame 214 2020 306 322 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.12.025
- Gamma Technologies 2018
- Hesse , R. , Beeckmann , J. , Wantz , K. , and Pitsch , H. Laminar Burning Velocity of Market Type Gasoline Surrogates as a Performance Indicator in Internal Combustion Engines SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1667 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1667
- Smooke , M.D. and Giovangigli , V. Formulation of the Premixed and Nonpremixed Test Problems Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms and Asymptotic Approximations for Methane-Air Flames Springer 1 28
- Norris , M.G. and Hochgreb , S. Novel Experiment on In-Cylinder Desorption of Fuel from the Oil Layer SAE Technical Paper 941963 1994 https://doi.org/10.4271/941963
- de Lima Ribeiro , K. and Sodré , J.R. Henry's Constants for Ethanol, iso-Octane and Gasoline Absorption in Engine Lubricants Lubr. Sci. 27 4 231 239 2015 10.1002/ls.1272
- Linna , J.-R. , Målberg , H. , Bennett , P.J. , Palmer , P.J. et al. Contribution of Oil Layer Mechanism to the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 972892 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/972892
- Cai , L. , Ramalingam , A. , Minwegen , H. , Heufer , A.K. et al. Impact of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Ignition Delay Times of Gasoline Fuel: An Experimental and Modeling Study Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37 1 2019 639 647 10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.032