This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
1D Modeling of the Outwardly Opening Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines Operating with Gaseous and Liquid Fuels
Technical Paper
2021-24-0006
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The in-cylinder direct injection of fuels can be a further step towards cleaner and more efficient internal combustion engines. However, the injector design and its characterization, both experimental and from numerical simulation require accurate diagnostics and efficient models.
This work aims to simulate the complex behavior of the gaseous and liquid jets through an outwardly opening injector characterized by optical diagnostics using a one-dimensional model without using three dimensional models. The behavior of the jet from an outwardly opening injector changes according to the type of fuel. In the case of the gas, the experimental investigations put in evidence three main jet regions: 1) near-field region where the jet shows a complex gas-dynamic structure; 2) transition region characterized by intense mixing; 3) far-field region characterized by a fully developed subsonic turbulent jet. In the case of the liquid fuel, the behavior of the jet is characterized by a uniform hollow cone that retains its shape from the first instants of the start of injection.
The one-dimensional model solves mass, momentum, and energy transport equations along the jet. Then, it is particularized for the case of both gaseous and liquid jets, giving appropriate initial and boundary conditions. For gas jets, the boundary condition is built using the experimental data with pressure injection ranging from 10 to 16 bars. To validate the one-dimensional model, the behavior of the gas jet for injection pressures from 18 to 22 bars has been simulated. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data obtained by optical diagnostics.
From a practical point of view, this one-dimensional model allows to get a simple and rough idea of what the behavior of a jet might be when the injection parameters change. A strong reduction of computational costs and time is observed.
Authors
Citation
Sementa, P., Todino, M., and Sequino, L., "1D Modeling of the Outwardly Opening Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines Operating with Gaseous and Liquid Fuels," SAE Technical Paper 2021-24-0006, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0006.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 |
Also In
References
- Mancaruso , E. , Todino , M. , and Vaglieco , B.M. Study on Dual Fuel Combustion in an Optical Research Engine by Infrared Diagnostics Varying Methane Quantity and Engine Speed Applied Thermal Engineering 2020 10.1016/j:applthermaleng.2020.115623
- Sementa , P. , Catapano , F. , Di Iorio , S. , Todino , M. et al. Turbulent Jet Ignition Effect on Exhaust Emission and Efficiency of a SI Small Engine Fueled with Methane and Gasoline SAE Technical Paper 2020-24-0013 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-24-0013
- Cho , H.M. and He , B.Q. Spark Ignition Natural Gas Engine- A Review Energy Conversation and Management 48 2007 608 618 10.1016/j.enconman.2006.05.023
- Ferguson , C.R. and Kirkpatrick , A.T. Internal Combustion Engines, Applied Thermosciences 2nd Wiley Student Edition 2001
- Zeng , K. , Huang , Z. , Liu , B. , Liu , L. et al. Combustion Characteristics of a Direct-Injection Natural Gas Engine Under Various Fuel Injection Timings Applied Thermal Engine 26 2006 806 813 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.011
- Kubesh , J.T. Development of a Throttle Less Natural Gas Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2522 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2522
- Zhao , H. Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development Gasoline and Gas Engines 1st 1 Elsevier 2009
- Preuhs , J.F. , Hoffmann , G. , Kirwan , J. Natural Gas Injection for Low Co 2 Spark Ignition Engines Presented at the in International Conference: SIA Powertrain Versailles, France May 27-28 2015
- Yadollahi , B. and Boroomand , M. The Effect of Combustion Chamber Geometry on Injection and Mixture Preparation in a CNG Direct Injection SI Engine Fuel 107 2013 52 62 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.004
- Keskinen , K. , Kaario , O. , Nuutinen , M. , Vuorinen , V. et al. Mixture Formation in a Direct Injection Gas Engine: Numerical Study on Nozzle Type, Injection Pressure and Injection Timing Effects Energy 94 2016 542 556 10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.121
- Deshmukh , A. , Vishwanathan , G. , Bode , M. , Pitsch , H. et al. Characterization of Hollow Cone Gas Jets in the Context of Direct Gas Injection in Internal Combustion Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 11 4 2018 353 377 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0296
- Deshmukh , A.Y. , Giefer , C. , Goeb , D. , Khosravi , M. et al. A Quasi-One-Dimensional Model for an Outwardly Opening Poppet-Type Direct Gas Injector for Internal Combustion Engines International Journal of Engine Research 2019 10.1177/1468087419871117
- Franquet , E. , Perrier , V. , Gibout , S. , and Bruel , P. Free Under Expanded Jets in a Quiescent Medium: A Review Progress in Aerospace Sciences 77 2015 25 53 10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.06.006
- Hamzehloo , A. and Aleiferis , P.G. Gas Dynamics and Flow Characteristics Of Highly Turbulent Under-Expanded Hydrogen and Methane Jet Under Various Nozzle Pressure Ratio and Ambient Pressures International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41 15 2016 6544 6566 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.017
- Abramovich , G.N. The Theory of Turbulent Jets MA MIT Press Cambridge 1963
- Swantek , A.B. , Duke , D.J. , Kastengren , A.L. , Sovis , N. et al. An Experimental Investigation of Gas Fuel Injection with X-ray Radiography Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 87 2017 15 29 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.04.016
- Kuensch , Z. , Schlatter , S. , Keskinen , K. , Hulkkonen , T. et al. Experimental Investigation on the Gas Jet Behavior for a Hollow Cone Piezoelectric Injector SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2749 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2749
- Migliaccio , M. , Montanaro , A. , Beatrice , C. , Napolitano , P. et al. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a High-Pressure Outwardly Opening Hollow Cone Spray Injector for Automotive Engines Fuel 196 2017 508 519
- Musculus , M. and Kattke , K. Entrainment Waves in Diesel Jets SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 2009 1170 1193 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1355
- Mancaruso , E. , Perozziello , C. , Sequino , L. , and Vaglieco , B.M. Characterization of Pure and Blended Biodiesel Spray in a Compression Ignition Engine by Means of Advanced Diagnostics and 1D Model Fuel 239 2019 1102 1114
- Mancaruso , E. , Sequino , L. , and Vaglieco , B.M. Analysis of Spray Injection in a Light Duty CR Diesel Engine Supported by Non-Conventional Measurements Fuel 158 2015 512 522
- Mancaruso , E. , Sequino , L. , and Vaglieco , B.M. Analysis of the Pilot Injection Running Common Rail Strategies in a Research Diesel Engine by Means of Infrared Diagnostics and 1D Model Fuel 178 2016 188 201
- Bardis , K. , Kyrtatos , P. , Barro , C. , Denisov , A. et al. A Novel One- and Zero-Dimensional Model for Turbulent Jet Ignition Flow, Turbolence and Combustion 2021
- Garcia-Oliver , J. , Novella , R. , Pastor , J. , Pachano , L. et al. A Quasi-1D Model for the Description of ECN Spray a Combustion Process SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 4 2020 1974 1985 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0661
- Liu , L. , Mei , Q. , and Xiong , Q. One-Dimensional Modelling and Mixing Process Analysis of Diesel Spray with Multiple-Injection SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-2325 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2325
- Tauzia , X. , Maiboom , A. , and Ma , G. A 1D Model for Diesel Sprays under Reacting Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2395 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2395
- Pastor , J.V. , Garcia-Oliver , J.M. , Pastor , J.M. , and Vera-Tudela , W. One-Dimensional Diesel Spray Modeling of Multicomponent Fuels Atomization and Sprays 2015
- Lazzaro , M. , Catapano , F. , and Sementa , P. Experimental Characterization of Methane Direct Injection from an Outward-Opening Poppet-Valve Injector SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0135 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0135
- Shapiro , A.H. The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow The Ronald Press Company 2 1954
- Courant , R. and Friedrichs , K.O. Supersonic Flow and Shock Waves Pure and Applied Mathematics 1948
- Ouelette , P. University of British Columbia 1996
- Ouellette , P. and Hill , P.G. Turbulent Transient Gas Injections Journal Fluids Engine 122 2000 743 752 10.1115/1.1319845