This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Comparison of Emissions Measurement Methods based on Chassis Dynamometer Testing
Technical Paper
2021-01-0611
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
Engine and vehicle tailpipe emissions can be measured in laboratories equipped with engine dynamometers and chassis dynamometers, respectively. In addition to laboratory testing, there is an increase in interest to measure on-road vehicle emissions using portable emissions measurement systems in order to determine real-driving emissions. Current methods to quantify engine, vehicle tailpipe, and real-driving emissions include the raw continuous, dilute continuous, and dilute bag measurement methods. Although the dilute bag measurement method is robust, recent improvements to the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods can account for the time delay between the probe tip and analyzer in addition to gas transport dynamics in order to reliably recover the tailpipe concentration signals. These improvements significantly increase the reliability of results using the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods, making them possible alternatives to the bag method. This paper synthesizes factors that can affect the measured emissions results, with the objective of comparing these measurement methods for each of the following emissions species: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide, total hydrocarbons, and methane. The factors considered in this comparison include the expected concentrations of each species, the ratio of the highest and lowest species concentrations measured during a test, and the effect of engine type on the measured species. In addition, the uncertainties in calculating emissions results for each method and species are taken into consideration. Comparisons include measurements from both compression-ignition and spark-ignition engines. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory equipped with a chassis dynamometer, full-scale dilution tunnel, emissions measurement system, and data acquisition software. Data that is simultaneously acquired using the three measurement methods of interest over a simulated transient chassis dynamometer test cycle are used in the analysis. Based on the analysis, optimum measurement methods for tests conducted in the laboratory versus tests conducted on the road using portable emissions measurement systems to determine real-driving emissions are discussed.
Recommended Content
Topic
Citation
Vais, J. and Iyer, S., "Comparison of Emissions Measurement Methods based on Chassis Dynamometer Testing," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0611, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0611.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 |
Also In
References
- Mohanta , L. , Iyer , S. , Mishra , P. , and Klinikowski , D. Uncertainties in Measurements of Emissions in Chassis Dynamometer Tests SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1584 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1584.
- Pakko , J. Reconstruction of Time-Resolved Vehicle Emissions Measurements by Deconvolution SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2 1 697 707 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1513.
- Mahadevan , V. , Iyer , S. , and Klinikowski , D. Recovery of Tail Pipe Species Concentrations and Its Effect on Emissions Calculations from Raw Exhaust Gas Streams during Chassis Dynamometer Tests SAE Int. J. Engines 9 3 1763 1774 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0984.
- Hochhauser , A. , Koehl , W. , Benson , J. , Burns , V. et al. Comparison of CNG and Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: Mass and Composition - The Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program SAE Technical Paper 952507 1995 10.4271/952507.
- Bielaczyc , P. , and Szczotka , A. Analysis of Uncertainty of the Emission Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants on Chassis Dynamometer SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1324 2007 10.4271/2007-01-1324.
- de Melo , T. and Dias , A. Experimental Methods for Reducing Uncertainty of Measurement on Vehicle Emission Testing SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1961 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1961.
- de Melo , T. , de Brito , M. , Moreira , M. , Machado , G. et al. Calculation of Uncertainty of Measurement for Diesel Engine ESC Test Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2013-36-0236 2013 10.4271/2013-36-0236.
- Hawley , J. , Brace , C. , Cox , A. , Ketcher , D. et al. Influence of Time-Alignment on the Calculation of Mass Emissions on a Chassis Rolls Dynamometer SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0395 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0395.
- Bannister , C. , Wallace , F. , Hawley , J. , and Brace , C. Predicting Instantaneous Exhaust Flowrates in a Constant Volume Sampling System P. I. Mech. Eng. D-J. Aut. 221 12 1585 1598 2007 10.1243/09544070JAUTO470
- Bannister , C. , Hawley , J. , Brace , C. , Cox , A. et al. Further Investigations on Time-Alignment SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1441 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1441.
- Hawley , J. , Bannister , C. , Brace , C. , Cox , A. et al. Vehicle Modal Emissions Measurement—Techniques and Issues P. I. Mech. Eng. D-J. Aut. 218 8 859 873 2004 10.1243/0954407041581057
- Manchur , T. , and Checkel , M. Time Resolution Effects on Accuracy of Real-Time NOx Emissions Measurements SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0674 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0674.
- McClure , B. Characterization of the Transient Response of a Diesel Exhaust-Gas Measurement System SAE Technical Paper 881320 1988 10.4271/881320.
- Beaumont , A. , Noble , A. , and Pilley , A. Signal Reconstruction Techniques for Improved Measurement of Transient Emissions SAE Technical Paper 900233 1990 10.4271/900233.
- De Petris , C. , Diana , S. , Giglio , V. , and Police , G. Some Problems in the Improvement of Measurement of Transient Emissions SAE Technical Paper 941949 1994 10.4271/941949.
- Summers , T. , and Collings , N. Signal Reconstruction Applied to a Fast Response Flame Ionisation Detector SAE Technical Paper 952541 1995 10.4271/952541.
- Weilenmann , M. , Soltic , P. , and Ajtay , D. Describing and Compensating Gas Transport Dynamics for Accurate Instantaneous Emission Measurement Atmos. Environ. 37 37 5137 5145 2003 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.05.004.
- Ajtay , D. , and Weilenmann , M. Compensation of the Exhaust Gas Transport Dynamics for Accurate Instantaneous Emission Measurements Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 19 5141 5148 2004 10.1021/es0353513.
- Geivanidis , S. , and Samaras , Z. Development of a Dynamic Model for the Reconstruction of Tailpipe Emissions from Measurements on a Constant Volume Sampling Dilution System Meas. Sci. Technol. 19 1 015404 2008 10.1088/0957-0233/19/1/015404.
- Kamarianakis , Y. , and Gao , H. Accounting for Exhaust Gas Transport Dynamics in Instantaneous Emission Models via Smooth Transition Regression Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 4 1320 1326 2010 10.1021/es901913k.
- Asano , I. , Nakamura , H. , Miyai , M. , Adachi , M. et al. Improvement of Modal Mass Analysis with Analyzer Hardware Optimizations and Mathematically Enhanced Response Time SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0970 2004 10.4271/2004-01-0970.
- Wang , W. , Sun , X. , Bata , R. , Gautam , M. et al. A Study of Emissions from CNG and Diesel Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 932826 1993 10.4271/932826.
- Hesterberg , T. , Lapin , C. , and Bunn , W. A Comparison of Emissions from Vehicles Fueled with Diesel or Compressed Natural Gas Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 17 6437 6445 2008 10.1021/es071718i.
- McCormick , R. , Graboski , M. , Newlin , A. , and Ross , J. Effect of Humidity on Heavy-Duty Transient Emissions from Diesel and Natural Gas Engines at High Altitude J. Air. Waste. Manage. 47 7 784 791 1997 10.1080/10473289.1997.10463937.
- Lev-On , M. , Letavec , C. , Uihlein , J. , Alleman , T. et al. Chemical Speciation of Exhaust Emissions from Trucks and Buses Fueled on Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel and CNG SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0432 2002 2002
- Thiruvengadam , A. , Besch , M. , Thiruvengadam , P. , Pradhan , S. et al. Emission Rates of Regulated Pollutants from Current Technology Heavy-Duty Diesel and Natural Gas Goods Movement Vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 8 5236 5244 2015 10.1021/acs.est.5b00943.
- Beyene , W. , and Yuan , C. An Accurate Transient Analysis of High-Speed Package Interconnects Using Convolution Technique Analog Integr. Circ. S. 35 2-3 107 120 2003 10.1023/A:1024170314125
- Jiménez , G. , Muñoz , A. , and Duarte-Mermoud , M. Fault Detection in Induction Motors Using Hilbert and Wavelet Transforms Electr. Eng. 89 3 205 220 2007 10.1007/s00202-005-0339-6.
- Nevius , T. , Rauker , D. , Akita , M. , Otsuki , Y. et al. Investigation of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement for CVS Dilution Air Volume SAE Int. J. Engines 10 4 1829 1835 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0994
- Heywood , J. Pollutant Formation and Control Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2nd New York McGraw-Hill 2018 601 713
- Hood , J. , and Silvis , W. Predicting and Preventing Water Condensation in Sampled Vehicle Exhaust for Optimal CVS Dilution SAE Technical Paper 980404 1998 10.4271/980404.
- McDonnough , D. , Nevius , T. , and Whelan , D. Investigation of Errors in NOx Recovery with a CVS Using a Vehicle Exhaust Emission Simulator (VEES) as a Cross Check Tool SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0312 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0312.
- Nevius , T. , and Gibbs , J. Further Investigation of Losses in NOx Recovery with a CVS SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0760 2008 10.4271/2008-01-0760.
- van der Mark , T. , Kort , E. , Meijer , R. , Postma , D. et al. Water Vapour and Carbon Dioxide Decrease Nitric Oxide Readings Eur. Respir. J. 10 9 2120 2123 1997 10.1183/09031936.97.10092120.
- Binding , N. , Müller , W. , Czeschinski , P. , and Witting , U. NO Chemiluminescence in Exhaled Air: Interference of Compounds from Endogenous or Exogenous Sources Eur. Respir. J. 16 3 499 2000 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.016003499.x.
- Shah , S. , Mauti , A. , Richert , J. , Loos , M. et al. Measuring NOx in the Presence of Ammonia SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0331 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0331.
- Velosa , J. Error Analysis of the Vehicle Exhaust Emission Measurement System SAE Technical Paper 930393 1993 10.4271/930393.
- Austin , T. , and Caretto , L. Improving the Calculation of Exhaust Gas Dilution During Constant Volume Sampling SAE Technical Paper 980678 1998 10.4271/980678
- Sherman , M. , Lennon , K. , and Chase , R. Error Analysis of Various Sampling Systems SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0209 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0209.
- Ohtsuki , S. , Inoue , K. , Yamagishi , Y. , and Namiyama , K. Studies on Emission Measurement Techniques for Super-Ultra Low Emission Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2709 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2709.