Mixture Stratification for CA50 Control of LTGC Engines with Reactivity-Enhanced and Non-Additized Gasoline

Technical Paper

2021-01-0513

ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0513

Published April 06, 2021 by SAE International in United States

Sector:

Automotive

Event: SAE WCX Digital Summit

Language: English

Abstract

Low-temperature gasoline combustion engines can provide high efficiencies with very low NO_x and particulate emissions, but rapid control of the combustion timing (50% burn point, CA50) remains a challenge. Partial Fuel Stratification (PFS) was recently demonstrated [2019-01-1156] to control CA50 over a wide range at some selected operating conditions using a regular-grade E10 gasoline. PFS was produced by a double direct injection (D-DI) strategy using a gasoline-type direct injector. For this D-DI-PFS strategy, the majority of the fuel is injected early in the intake stroke, establishing the minimum equivalence ratio in the charge, while the remainder of the fuel is supplied by a second injection at a variable time (SOI2) during the compression stroke to vary the amount of stratification. Adjusting the stratification changes the combustion timing, and this can be done on a cycle-to-cycle basis by adjusting SOI2. The current work expands the understanding of D-DI-PFS by investigating the effects of global equivalence ratio, variations in the fuel-fraction split between the two injections, and intake pressure on the ability of D-DI-PFS to control CA50, for both a regular-grade gasoline and this same gasoline additized with 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) to enhance its autoignition reactivity. Moreover, the understanding gained from these fixed-load experiments was applied to determine the ability of D-DI-PFS to control CA50 through a load sweep from 0.42 ≥ φ ≥ 0.30 at intake pressures equal to 1.0 bar and 1.3 bar for both the non-additized and EHN-additized gasolines. For each load, SOI2 was adjusted to keep CA50 between the knock and misfire limits, while also considering emissions constraints. For both fuels, D-DI-PFS was shown to be effective for maintaining appropriate CA50 phasing over the sweep. Furthermore, NO_x emissions were kept close to the US-2010 HD limit and combustion stability (COV-IMEP_g) was kept to a reasonable value.

Data Sets - Support Documents

Title	Description	Download
Unnamed Dataset 1
Unnamed Dataset 2
Unnamed Dataset 3
Unnamed Dataset 4
Unnamed Dataset 5

Also In

References

Dec , J.E. Advanced Compression-Ignition Combustion for High Efficiency and Ultra-Low NOX and Soot Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering John Wiley & Sons 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118354179.auto121
Yang , Y. , Dec , J.E. , Dronniou , N. , Sjöberg , M. , and Cannella , W. Partial Fuel Stratification to Control HCCI Heat Release Rates: Fuel Composition and Other Factors Affecting Pre-Ignition Reactions of Two-Stage Ignition Fuels SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1903 1920 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1359
Dec , J.E. Advanced Compression-Ignition Engines—Understanding the In-Cylinder Processes Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 2 2727 2742 Jan. 2009 10.1016/j.proci.2008.08.008
Koopmans , L. and Denbratt , I. A Four Stroke Camless Engine, Operated in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Mode with Commercial Gasoline SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3610 Sep. 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3610
Law , D. , Kemp , D. , Allen , J. , Kirkpatrick , G. , and Copland , T. Controlled Combustion in an IC-Engine with a Fully Variable Valve Train SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0251 Mar. 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0251
Dec , J.E. and Sjöberg , M. A Parametric Study of HCCI Combustion - The Sources of Emissions at Low Loads and the Effects of GDI Fuel Injection SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0752 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0752
Sjöberg , M. , Dec , J. , and Hwang , W. Thermodynamic and Chemical Effects of EGR and Its Constituents on HCCI Autoignition SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0207 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0207
Fitzgerald , R.P. and Steeper , R. Thermal and Chemical Effects of NVO Fuel Injection on HCCI Combustion SAE International Journal of Engines 3 1 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0164
Borgqvist , P. , Tunestal , P. , and Johansson , B. Comparison of Negative Valve Overlap (NVO) and Rebreathing Valve Strategies on a Gasoline PPC Engine at Low Load and Idle Operating Conditions SAE International Journal of Engines 6 1 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0902
Gentz , G. , Dernotte , J. , Ji , C. , and Dec , J. Spark Assist for CA50 Control and Improved Robustness in a Premixed LTGC Engine - Effects of Equivalence Ratio and Intake Boost SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1252 Apr. 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1252
Yun , H. , Wermuth , N. , and Najt , P. Development of Robust Gasoline HCCI Idle Operation Using Multiple Injection and Multiple Ignition (MIMI) Strategy SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0499 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0499
Lopez Pintor , D. , Dec , J. , and Gentz , G. Φ-Sensitivity for LTGC Engines: Understanding the Fundamentals and Tailoring Fuel Blends to Maximize this Property SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0961 Apr. 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0961
Kalghatgi , G.T. , Risberg , P. , and Angström , H.-E. Partially Pre-Mixed Auto-Ignition of Gasoline to Attain Low Smoke and Low NOx at High Load in a Compression Ignition Engine and Comparison with a Diesel Fuel SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0006 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0902
Kalghatgi , G.T. , Risberg , P. , and Ångström , H.-E. Advantages of Fuels with High Resistance to Auto-ignition in Late-injection, Low-temperature, Compression Ignition Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3385 Oct. 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3385
Hildingsson , L. , Kalghatgi , G. , Tait , N. , Johansson , B. , and Harrison , A. Fuel Octane Effects in the Partially Premixed Combustion Regime in Compression Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2648 Nov. 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2648
Kalghatgi , G. , Hildingsson , L. , and Johansson , B. Low NOx and Low Smoke Operation of a Diesel Engine Using Gasolinelike Fuels J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 132 9 Sep. 2010 10.1115/1.4000602
Vedharaj , S. et al. Combustion Homogeneity and Emission Analysis during the Transition from CI to HCCI for FACE I Gasoline SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2263 Oct. 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2263
Manente , V. , Johansson , B. , Tunestal , P. , and Cannella , W. Effects of Different Type of Gasoline Fuels on Heavy Duty Partially Premixed Combustion SAE International Journal of Engines 2 2 71 88 Nov. 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2668
Manente , V. , Zander , C.-G. , Johansson , B. , Tunestal , P. , and Cannella , W. An Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Concept for Low Emissions and High Efficiency from Idle to Max Load Using Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2198 Oct. 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-2198
Shen , M. , Lonn , S. , and Johansson , B. Transition from HCCI to PPC Combustion by Means of Start of Injection SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1790 Sep. 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1790
An , Y. et al. Compression Ignition of Low Octane Gasoline under Partially Premixed Combustion Mode SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1797 Sep. 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1797
Sellnau , M. , Moore , W. , Sinnamon , J. , Hoyer , K. et al. GDCI Multi-Cylinder Engine for High Fuel Efficiency and Low Emissions SAE Int. J. Engines 8 2 775 790 Apr. 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0834
Sellnau , M. , Hoyer , K. , Moore , W. , Foster , M. et al. Advancement of GDCI Engine Technology for US 2025 CAFE and Tier 3 Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0901 Apr. 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0901
Sjöberg , M. and Dec , J.E. Smoothing HCCI Heat-Release Rates Using Partial Fuel Stratification with Two-Stage Ignition Fuels SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0629 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0629
Sjoberg , M. and Dec , J.E. An Investigation into Lowest Acceptable Combustion Temperatures for Hydrocarbon Fuel in HCCI Engines Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30 2719 2726 2005
Dec , J.E. , Yang , Y. , and Dronniou , N. Improving Efficiency and Using E10 for Higher Loads in Boosted HCCI Engines SAE International Journal of Engines 5 3 1009 1032 Apr. 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1107
Dec , J.E. and Sjöberg , M. Isolating the Effects of Fuel Chemistry on Combustion Phasing in an HCCI Engine and the Potential of Fuel Stratification for Ignition Control SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0557 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0557
Yang , Y. , Dec , J.E. , Dronniou , N. , and Sjöberg , M. Tailoring HCCI Heat Release Rates with Partial Fuel Stratification: Comparison of Two-Stage and Single-Stage Ignition Fuels Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33 3047 3055 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.114
Dec , J.E. , Yang , Y. , and Dronniou , N. Boosted HCCI - Controlling Pressure-Rise Rates for Performance Improvements using Partial Fuel Stratification with Conventional Gasoline SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1169 1189 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0897
Dernotte , J. , Dec , J. , and Ji , C. Efficiency Improvement of Boosted Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion Engines (LTGC) Using a Double Direct-Injection Strategy SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0728 Mar. 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0728
Gentz , G. , Dernotte , J. , Ji , C. , Lopez Pintor , D. , and Dec , J. Combustion-Timing Control of Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) Engines by Using Double Direct-Injections to Control Kinetic Rates SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-1156 Apr. 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-1156
Dec , J.E. , Gentz , G. and Lopez Pintor , D. Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) Engine Research U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office 2017 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting, Vehicle Technologies Office Jun. 2018
Dec , J.E. , Gentz , G. and Lopez Pintor , D. Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) Engine Research U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office 2017 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting Washington, D.C. Jun. 2019
Ghosh , P. Predicting the Effect of Cetane Improvers on Diesel Fuels Energy Fuels 22 2 1073 1079 Mar. 2008 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0701079
Hanson , R. , Kokjohn , S. , Splitter , D. , and Reitz , R.D. Fuel Effects on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Combustion at Low Load SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 394 411 Apr. 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0361
Kaddatz , J. , Andrie , M. , Reitz , R.D. , and Kokjohn , S. Light-Duty Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using a Cetane Improver SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1110 Apr. 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1110
Dempsey , A.B. , Walker , N.R. , and Reitz , R.D. Effect of Cetane Improvers on Gasoline, Ethanol, and Methanol Reactivity and the Implications for RCCI Combustion SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 170 187 Apr. 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1678
Hosseini , V. , Neill , W.S. , Guo , H. , Chippior , W.L. et al. Effects of Different Cetane Number Enhancement Strategies on HCCI Combustion and Emissions International Journal of Engine Research 12 2 89 108 2011 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087410395873
Ji , C. , Dec , J.E. , Dernotte , J. , and Cannella , W. Effect of Ignition Improvers on the Combustion Performance of Regular-Grade E10 Gasoline in an HCCI Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 7 2 790 806 Apr. 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1282
Ji , C. , Dec , J. , Dernotte , J. , and Cannella , W. Boosted Premixed-LTGC / HCCI Combustion of EHN-doped Gasoline for Engine Speeds Up to 2400 rpm SAE Int. J. Engines 9 4 Oct. 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-2295
Dec , J.E. , Dernotte , J. , and Ji , C. Increasing the Load Range, Load-to-Boost Ratio, and Efficiency of Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 10 3 Mar. 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0731
Dec , J.E. and Yang , Y. Boosted HCCI for High Power without Engine Knock and with Ultra-Low NOx Emissions - using Conventional Gasoline SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 750 767 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1086
Dec , J.E. , Yang , Y. , Dernotte , J. , and Ji , C. Effects of Gasoline Reactivity and Ethanol Content on Boosted, Premixed and Partially Stratified Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) SAE Int. J. Engines 8 3 935 955 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0813
Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals New York McGraw-Hill 1988
Woschni , G. A Universally Applicable Equation for the Instantaneous Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Internal Combustion Engine SAE Technical Paper 670931 1967 https://doi.org/10.4271/670931
Eng , J.A. Characterization of Pressure Waves in HCCI Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2859 Oct. 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2859
Sjöberg , M. , Dec , J.E. , Babajimopoulos , A. and Assanis , D.N. Comparing Enhanced Natural Thermal Stratification Against Retarded Combustion Phasing for Smoothing of HCCI Heat-Release Rates 2004 Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition Oct. 2004 10.4271/2004-01-2994
Dernotte , J. , Dec , J.E. , and Ji , C. Energy Distribution Analysis in Boosted HCCI-like / LTGC Engines - Understanding the Trade-Offs to Maximize the Thermal Efficiency SAE Int. J. Engines 8 3 956 980 Apr. 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0824
Dernotte , J. , Dec , J.E. , and Ji , C. Investigation of the Sources of Combustion Noise in HCCI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 7 2 730 761 Apr. 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1272
Petitpas , G. , Whitesides , R. , Dernotte , J. , and Dec , J. Refining Measurement Uncertainties in HCCI/LTGC Engine Experiments SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1248 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1248
Priyadarshini , P. , Sofianopoulos , A. , Mamalis , S. , Lawler , B. , Lopez-Pintor , D. and Dec , J.E. Understanding Partial Fuel Stratification for Low Temperature Gasoline Combustion using Large Eddy Simulations International Journal of Engine Research 2020 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420921042
Vuilleumier , D. , Kim , N. , Sjöberg , M. , Yokoo , N. , Tomoda , T. and Nakata , K. Effects of EGR Constituents and Fuel Composition on DISI Engine Knock: An Experimental and Modeling Study SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1677 Sep. 2018 10.4271/2018-01-1677
Lopez Pintor , D. , Gentz , G. , and Dec , J.E. Experimental Evaluation of a Custom Gasoline-Like Blend Designed to Simultaneously Improve Φ-Sensitivity, RON and Octane Sensitivity SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 4 2196 2216 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1136
Sjöberg , M. and Dec , J.E. Influence of Fuel Autoignition Reactivity on the High-Load Limits of HCCI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 39 58 Apr. 2008 https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0054
Sjöberg , M. and Dec , J.E. Influence of EGR Quality and Unmixedness on the High-Load Limits of HCCI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 492 510 Apr. 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0666

Journal Article	Butanol Blending - a Promising Approach to Enhance the Thermodynamic Potential of Gasoline - Part 1
Journal Article	Comparison of Direct-Injection Spray Development of E10 Gasoline to a Single and Multi-Component E10 Gasoline Surrogate
Technical Paper	Dilution Effects on the Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI) Combustion of Hydrocarbon and Alcohol Fuels

Citation
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)

File Format:	Number of Results:
Select Fields to Export
Item Number	Content Type
Title	Author(s)
Affiliation(s)	Publisher
Publish Date	Abstract/scope
Citation	DOI

Mixture Stratification for CA50 Control of LTGC Engines with Reactivity-Enhanced and Non-Additized Gasoline

Abstract

Recommended Content

Authors

Topic

Citation

Data Sets - Support Documents

Also In

References

Cited By