This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Fundamental Characteristics of Premixed Methane/Air Flames
Technical Paper
2020-01-0339
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Over the years, many studies have examined the natural gas flame characteristics with either CO2, H2O, or N2 dilution in order to investigate the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effect on the performance of natural gas vehicles. However, studies analyzing the actual EGR concentration are very scarce. In the present study, spherically expanding flames were employed to investigate the EGR effect on the laminar flame speed (LFS) and the burned gas Markstein length (Lb) of premixed CH4/air flames at 373 K and 3 bar. The EGR mixture was imitated with a mixture of 9.50% CO2 + 19.01% H2O + 71.49% N2 by mole. EGR ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% were tested. Experimental results show that LFS values are lowered by 20-23%, 38-43% and 53-54% due to 5%, 10% and 15% EGR, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that Lb values slightly increase at high equivalence and EGR ratios, where CH4 flames are more stable and more stretched. Numerical results were obtained with the San Diego, USC Mech II, and GRI-Mech 3.0 chemical mechanisms and compared with experimental LFS values. Experimental findings are most compatible with numerical LFS values provided by the GRI-Mech 3.0. The USC Mech II slightly overpredicts LFS for very lean flames. The San Diego mechanism shows poor performance in the prediction of LFS of rich mixtures. Numerical analyses were used to determine the chemical, dilution, and thermal-diffusion effects of EGR on the LFS. Results show the most dominant effect is the dilution effect as it is responsible for 80-84% of the decrease in the LFS. The chemical effect reaches its peak around stoichiometry where the combustion temperature is highest. The thermal-diffusion effect is merely weaker than the chemical effect.
Authors
Citation
Duva, B., Wang, Y., Chance, L., and Toulson, E., "The Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Fundamental Characteristics of Premixed Methane/Air Flames," SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0339, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0339.Also In
References
- Boggio, S.D.M., Lacava, P.T., Silva, M.F., Sbampato, M.E. et al. , “Flame Propagation Study in a Single-Cylinder Research Engine with Gaseous Fuel,” SAE Technical Paper 2017-36-0359, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-36-0359.
- “Natural Gas: A Clean, Safe and Smart Choice for the Waste and Recycling Industry,” SWANA & NGVA, https://swana.org/Portals/0/Safety_Matters/Natural-Gas-A-Clean-Safe-and-Smart-Choice-for-the-Waste-Recycling-Industry.pdf, accessed Oct. 13, 2019.
- Duva, B.C., Chance, L., and Toulson, E. , “Laminar Flame Speeds of Premixed Iso-Octane/Air Flames at High Temperatures with CO2 Dilution,” SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 1(3):1148-1157, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0572.
- Li, Q., Fu, J., Wu, X., Tang, C. et al. , “Laminar Flame Speeds of Dmf/Iso-Octane-Air-N2/Co2 Mixtures,” Energy & Fuels 26(2):917-925.
- Halter, F., Foucher, F., Landry, L., and Mounaïm-Rousselle, C. , “Effect of Dilution by Nitrogen and/or Carbon Dioxide on Methane and Iso-Octane Air Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology 181(6):813-827, 2009.
- Wu, C.K. and Law, C.K. , “On the Determination of Laminar Flame Speeds from Stretched Flames,” Symposium (International) on Combustion 20(1):1941-1949, 1985.
- Takashi, H. and Kimitoshi, T. , “Laminar Flame Speeds of Ethanol, n-Heptane, Iso-Octane Air Mixtures,” Alternative Energy Sources III 5:447-457, 1983.
- Marshall, S.P., Taylor, S., Stone, C.R., Davies, T.J. et al. , “Laminar Burning Velocity Measurements of Liquid Fuels at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures with Combustion Residuals,” Combustion and Flame 158(10):1920-1932, 2011.
- Turns, S.R. , An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications Third Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012).
- Egolfopoulos, F.N., Hansen, N., Ju, Y., Kohse-Höinghaus, K. et al. , “Advances and Challenges in Laminar Flame Experiments and Implications for Combustion Chemistry,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 43:36-67, 2014.
- Syed, I., Yeliana, Y., Mukherjee, A., Naber, J. et al. , “Numerical Investigation of Laminar Flame Speed of Gasoline - Ethanol/Air Mixtures with Varying Pressure, Temperature and Dilution,” SAE Int. J. Engines 3(1):517-528, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0620.
- Cracknell, R., Prakash, A., and Head, R. , “Influence of Laminar Burning Velocity on Performance of Gasoline Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1742, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1742.
- Liao, Y.H. and Roberts, W.L. , “Laminar Flame Speeds of Gasoline Surrogates Measured with the Flat Flame Method,” Energy & Fuels 30(2):1317-1324, 2016.
- Bradley, D., Gaskell, P.H., and Gu, X.J. , “Burning Velocities, Markstein Lengths, and Flame Quenching for Spherical Methane-Air Flames: A Computational Study,” Combustion and Flame 104(1):176-198, 1996.
- Gu, X.J., Haq, M.Z., Lawes, M., and Woolley, R. , “Laminar Burning Velocity and Markstein Lengths of Methane-Air Mixtures,” Combustion and Flame 121(1):41-58, 2000.
- Stone, R., Clarke, A., and Beckwith, A. , “Correlations for the Laminar-Burning Velocity of Methane/Diluent/Air Mixtures Obtained in Free-Fall Experiments,” Combustion and Flame 114(3):546-555, 1998.
- Elia, M., Ulinski, M., and Metghalchi, M. , “Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane-Air-Diluent Mixtures,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123(1):190-196, 2000.
- Ponnusamy, S., Checkel, M.D., Fleck, B.A., and Fleck, B. , “Maintaining Burning Velocity of Exhaust-Diluted Methane/Air Flames by Partial Fuel Reformation,” IFRF Combustion Journal, Article No. 200506, 2005.
- Ronney, P.D. and Wachman, H.Y. , “Effect of Gravity on Laminar Premixed Gas Combustion I: Flammability Limits and Burning Velocities,” Combustion and Flame 62(2):107-119, 1985.
- Qiao, L., Gan, Y., Nishiie, T., Dahm, W.J. et al. , “Extinction of Premixed Methane/Air Flames in Microgravity by Diluents: Effects of Radiation and Lewis Number,” Combustion and Flame 157(8):1446-1455, 2010.
- Mazas, A.N., Lacoste, D.A., and Schuller, T. , “Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Laminar Flame Speed of CH4/O2 Mixtures Diluted with CO2 and H2O,” in ASME Turbo Expo, GT2010-22512: 411-21, 2010.
- Smith, G.P., Golden, D.M., Frenklach, M., Moriarty, N.W. et al. , http://combustion.berkeley.edu/gri-mech/version30/text30.html, accessed Oct. 13, 2019.
- Galmiche, B., Halter, F., Foucher, F., and Dagaut, P. , “Effects of Dilution on Laminar Burning Velocity of Premixed Methane/Air Flames,” Energy & Fuels 25(3):948-954, 2011.
- Mazas, A.N., Fiorina, B., Lacoste, D.A., and Schuller, T. , “Effects of Water Vapor Addition on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Oxygen-Enriched Methane Flames,” Combustion and Flame 158(12):2428-2440, 2011.
- Hu, E., Jiang, X., Huang, Z., and Iida, N. , “Numerical Study on the Effects of Diluents on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane-Air Mixtures,” Energy & Fuels 26(7):4242-4252, 2012.
- Xie, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, M., Gong, J. et al. , “Experimental and Numerical Study on Laminar Flame Characteristics of Methane Oxy-Fuel Mixtures Highly Diluted with CO2,” Energy & Fuels 27(10):6231-6237, 2013.
- Chan, Y.L., Zhu, M.M., Zhang, Z.Z., Liu, P.F. et al. , “The Effect of CO2 Dilution on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Premixed Methane/Air Flames,” Energy Procedia 75:3048-3053, 2015.
- Zahedi, P. and Yousefi, K. , “Effects of Pressure and Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Concentration on Laminar Burning Velocities and No Formation of Methane-Air Mixtures,” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 28(1):377-386, 2014.
- Khan, A.R., Anbusaravanan, S., Kalathi, L., Velamati, R. et al. , “Investigation of Dilution Effect with N2/Co2 on Laminar Burning Velocity of Premixed Methane/Oxygen Mixtures Using Freely Expanding Spherical Flames,” Fuel 196:225-232, 2017.
- Duva, B.C., Chance, L., and Toulson, E. , “Dilution Effect of Different Combustion Residuals on Laminar Burning Velocities and Burned Gas Markstein Lengths of Premixed Methane/Air Mixtures at Elevated Temperature,” Fuel, 2020.
- ANSYS , “CHEMKIN-PRO 17.2,” ANSYS Reaction Design: San Diego, 2016.
- “Chemical-Kinetic Mechanisms for Combustion Applications,” San Diego Mechanism Web Page, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (Combustion Research), University of California at San Diego, http://combustion.ucsd.edu, accessed Oct. 13, 2019.
- Hai, W., Xiaoqing, Y., Ameya, V., Joshi, S. et al. , “USC Mech Version II. High-Temperature Combustion Reaction Model of H2/CO/C1-C4 Compounds,” 2007, http://ignis.usc.edu/USC_Mech_II.htm, accessed Oct. 13, 2019.
- Burke, M.P., Zheng, C., Ju, Y., and Dryer, F.L. , “Effect of Cylindrical Confinement on the Determination of Laminar Flame Speeds Using Outwardly Propagating Flames,” Combustion and Flame 156(4):771-779, 2009.
- Duva, B.C., Chance, L., and Toulson, E. , “Effect of CO2 Dilution on the Laminar Burning Velocities of Premixed Methane/Air Flames at Elevated Temperature,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2019, doi:10.1115/1.4044641.
- Duva, B.C., Chance, L., and Toulson, E. , “Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the CO2 Dilution Effect on Laminar Burning Velocities and Burned Gas Markstein Lengths of High/Low RON Gasolines and Isooctane Flames at Elevated Temperatures,” Energy & Fuels, 2019, doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03854.
- ASTM International , E681-09 Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases) (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2009), doi:10.1520/E0681-09.
- Matalon, M. and Matkowsky, B.J. , “Flames as Gasdynamic Discontinuities,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 124:239-259, 2006.
- Kelley, A.P. and Law, C.K. , “Nonlinear Effects in the Extraction of Laminar Flame Speeds from Expanding Spherical Flames,” Combustion and Flame 156(9):1844-1851, 2009.
- Chen, Z. , “On the Extraction of Laminar Flame Speed and Markstein Length from Outwardly Propagating Spherical Flames,” Combustion and Flame 158(2):291-300, 2011.
- Li, X., Hu, E., Meng, X., Peng, C. et al. , “Effect of Lewis Number on Nonlinear Extrapolation Methods from Expanding Spherical Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology 189(9):1510-1526, 2017.
- Duva, B.C., Chance, L., and Toulson, E. , “Assessment of Accuracies of Stretch Extrapolation Methods from Spherically Expanding Flames,” Manuscript submitted for publication in Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 38, 2020.
- Chen, Z. , “On the Accuracy of Laminar Flame Speeds Measured from Outwardly Propagating Spherical Flames: Methane/Air at Normal Temperature and Pressure,” Combustion and Flame 162(6):2442-2453, 2015.
- Vagelopoulos, C.M., Egolfopoulos, F.N., and Law, C.K. , “Further Considerations on the Determination of Laminar Flame Speeds with the Counterflow Twin-Flame Technique,” Symposium (International) on Combustion 25(1):1341-1347, 1994.
- Vagelopoulos, C.M. and Egolfopoulos, F.N. , “Direct Experimental Determination of Laminar Flame Speeds,” Symposium (International) on Combustion 27(1):513-519, 1998.
- Egolfopoulos, F.N., Cho, P., and Law, C.K. , “Laminar Flame Speeds of Methane-Air Mixtures under Reduced and Elevated Pressures,” Combustion and Flame 76(3):375-391, 1989.
- McLean, I.C., Smith, D.B., and Taylor, S.C. , “The Use of Carbon Monoxide/Hydrogen Burning Velocities to Examine the Rate of the CO+OH Reaction,” Symposium (International) on Combustion 25(1):749-757, 1994.
- Duva, B.C., Wang, Y.C., Chance, L., and Toulson, E. , “Laminar Flame Characteristics of Sequential Two-Stage Combustion of Premixed Methane/Air Flames,” Manuscript submitted for publication in Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, 2020.
- Akram, M. and Kumar, S. , “Measurement of Laminar Burning Velocity of Liquified Petrolium Gas Air Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures,” Energy & Fuels 26(6):3267-3274, 2012.
- Ren, F., Chu, H., Xiang, L., Han, W. et al. , “Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Laminar Premixed Combustion Characteristics the Main Components of Natural Gas,” Journal of the Energy Institute 92(4):1178-1190, 2019.