Assessing the Accuracy of Soot Nanoparticle Morphology Measurements Using Three-Dimensional Electron Tomography

Authors

• Ephraim Haffner-Staton - University of Nottingham
• Antonino La Rocca - University of Nottingham
• Alasdair Cairns - University of Nottingham
• Michael McGhee - University of Nottingham
• Mike Fay - University of Nottingham

Topic

• Particulate matter (PM)
• Materials properties
• Wear
• Engines
• Diesel exhaust emissions
• Emissions measurement
• Analysis methodologies

Citation

Also In

References

1. Broday , D.M. and Rosenzweig , R. Deposition of Fractal-Like Soot Aggregates in the Human Respiratory Tract Journal of Aerosol Science 42 6 372 386 2011 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.03.001
2. Yang , H.-M. , Barger , M.W. , Castranova , V. , Ma , J.K. et al. Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP), Carbon Black, and Silica on Macrophage Responses to Lipopolysaccharide: Evidence of DEP Suppression of Macrophage Activity Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58 5 261 278 1999
3. Løvik , M. , Høgseth , A.-K. , Gaarder , P.I. , Hagemann , R. et al. Diesel Exhaust Particles and Carbon Black Have Adjuvant Activity on the Local Lymph Node Response and Systemic IgE Production to Ovalbumin Toxicology 121 2 165 178 1997
4. Mari , X. , Lefevre , J. , Torreton , J.P. , Bettarel , Y. et al. Effects of Soot Deposition on Particle Dynamics and Microbial Processes in Marine Surface Waters Global Biogeochemical Cycles 28 7 662 678 2014 10.1002/2014gb004878
5. Koelmans , A.A. , Jonker , M.T. , Cornelissen , G. , Bucheli , T.D. et al. Black Carbon: The Reverse of Its Dark Side Chemosphere 63 3 365 377 2006
6. Cattaneo , R. , Rouviere , C. , Rassoulzadegan , F. , and Weinbauer , M.G. Association of Marine Viral and Bacterial Communities with Reference Black Carbon Particles under Experimental Conditions: An Analysis with Scanning Electron, Epifluorescence and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74 2 382 396 2010
7. Khalizov , A.F. , Xue , H.X. , Wang , L. , Zheng , J. et al. Enhanced Light Absorption and Scattering by Carbon Soot Aerosol Internally Mixed with Sulfuric Acid Journal of Physical Chemistry A 113 6 1066 1074 2009 10.1021/jp807531n
8. Fan , J. , Zhang , R. , Tao , W.K. , and Mohr , K.I. Effects of Aerosol Optical Properties on Deep Convective Clouds and Radiative Forcing Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113 D8 2008
9. George , S. , Balla , S. , Gautam , V. , and Gautam , M. Effect of Diesel Soot on Lubricant Oil Viscosity Tribology International 40 5 809 818 2007 10.1016/j.triboint.2006.08.002
10. Ferraro , G. , Fratini , E. , Rausa , R. , Fiaschi , P. et al. Multiscale Characterization of Some Commercial Carbon Blacks and Diesel Engine Soot Energy & Fuels 30 11 9859 9866 2016
11. Apicella , B. , Ciajolo , A. , Tregrossi , A. , Abrahamson , J. et al. HRTEM and EELS Investigations of Flame-Formed Soot Nanostructure Fuel 225 218 224 2018
12. Wang , L. , Song , C. , Song , J. , Lv , G. et al. Aliphatic C-H and Oxygenated Surface Functional Groups of Diesel In-Cylinder Soot: Characterizations and Impact on Soot Oxidation Behavior Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 2 3099 3106 2013
13. Apicella , B. , Senneca , O. , Russo , C. , Heuer , S. et al. Separation and Characterization of Carbonaceous Particulate (Soot and Char) Produced from Fast Pyrolysis of Coal in Inert and CO2 Atmospheres Fuel 201 118 123 2017
14. Vander Wal , R.L. and Tomasek , A.J. Soot Oxidation: Dependence upon Initial Nanostructure Combustion and Flame 134 1-2 1 9 2003
15. Pfau , S. , La Rocca , A. , Haffner-Staton , E. , Rance , G. et al. Comparative Nanostructure Analysis of Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection and Diesel Soot-In-Oil with Carbon Black Carbon 139 342 352 2018
16. Vander Wal , R.L. and Tomasek , A.J. Soot Nanostructure: Dependence upon Synthesis Conditions Combustion and Flame 136 1-2 129 140 2004
17. Kandas , A.W. , Senel , I.G. , Levendis , Y. , and Sarofim , A.F. Soot Surface Area Evolution during Air Oxidation as Evaluated by Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and CO2 Adsorption Carbon 43 2 241 251 2005 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.028
18. Adachi , K. , Chung , S.H. , Friedrich , H. , and Buseck , P.R. Fractal Parameters of Individual Soot Particles Determined Using Electron Tomography: Implications for Optical Properties Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112 D14 2007 Artn D1420210.1029/2006jd008296
19. Harris , S.J. and Maricq , M.M. Signature Size Distributions for Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhaust Particulate Matter Journal of Aerosol Science 32 6 749 764 2001
20. George , S. , Balla , S. , and Gautam , M. Effect of Diesel Soot Contaminated Oil on Engine Wear Wear 262 9-10 1113 1122 2007 10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.002
21. Zhang , Q. and Rubini , P. Modelling of Light Extinction by Soot Particles Fire Safety Journal 46 3 96 103 2011
22. Kahnert , M. and Devasthale , A. Black Carbon Fractal Morphology and Short-Wave Radiative Impact: A Modelling Study Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11 22 11745 11759 2011
23. Lapuerta , M. , Oliva , F. , and Martínez-Martínez , S. Modeling of the Soot Accumulation in DPF under Typical Vehicle Operating Conditions SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 2 532 542 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2097
24. La Rocca , A. , Di Liberto , G. , Shayler , P.J. , and Fay , M.W. The Nanostructure of Soot-In-Oil Particles and Agglomerates from an Automotive Diesel Engine Tribology International 61 80 87 2013 10.1016/j.triboint.2012.12.002
25. Martos , F.J. , Lapuerta , M. , Expósito , J.J. , and Sanmiguel-Rojas , E. Overestimation of the Fractal Dimension from Projections of Soot Agglomerates Powder Technology 311 528 536 2017
26. Clague , A.D.H. , Donnet , J. , Wang , T.K. , and Peng , J.C.M. A Comparison of Diesel Engine Soot with Carbon Black Carbon 37 10 1553 1565 1999 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00035-4
27. Lapuerta , M. , Martos , F.J. , and Herreros , J.M. Effect of Engine Operating Conditions on the Size of Primary Particles Composing Diesel Soot Agglomerates Journal of Aerosol Science 38 4 455 466 2007 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.02.001
28. Rogak , S.N. and Flagan , R.C. Characterization of the Structure of Agglomerate Particles Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 9 1 19 27 1992 10.1002/ppsc.19920090104
29. Koylu , U.O. , Faeth , G.M. , Farias , T.L. , and Carvalho , M.G. Fractal and Projected Structure Properties of Soot Aggregates Combustion and Flame 100 4 621 633 1995 10.1016/0010-2180(94)00147-K
30. Ishiguro , T. , Takatori , Y. , and Akihama , K. Microstructure of Diesel Soot Particles Probed by Electron Microscopy: First Observation of Inner Core and Outer Shell Combustion and Flame 108 1-2 231 234 1997 10.1016/S0010-2180(96)00206-4
31. Uy , D. , Ford , M.A. , Jayne , D.T. , O'Neill , A.E. et al. Characterization of Gasoline Soot and Comparison to Diesel Soot: Morphology, Chemistry, and Wear Tribology International 80 198 209 2014 10.1016/j.triboint.2014.06.009
32. La Rocca , A. , Bonatesta , F. , Fay , M.W. , and Campanella , F. Characterisation of Soot in Oil from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Transmission Electron Microscopy Tribology International 86 77 84 2015 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.01.025
33. Vander Wal , R.L. , Yezerets , A. , Currier , N.W. , Kim , D.H. et al. HRTEM Study of Diesel Soot Collected from Diesel Particulate Filters Carbon 45 1 70 77 2007
34. Van Gulijk , C. , Marijnissen , J. , Makkee , M. , Moulijn , J. et al. Measuring Diesel Soot with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor: Performance Assessment with a Model for Fractal-Like Agglomerates Journal of Aerosol Science 35 5 633 655 2004
35. Symonds , J.P. , Reavell , K.S.J. , Olfert , J.S. , Campbell , B.W. et al. Diesel Soot Mass Calculation in Real-Time with a Differential Mobility Spectrometer Journal of Aerosol Science 38 1 52 68 2007
36. Gargiulo , V. , Alfè , M. , Di Blasio , G. , and Beatrice , C. Chemico-Physical Features of Soot Emitted from a Dual-Fuel Ethanol-Diesel System Fuel 150 154 161 2015
37. La Rocca , A. , Di Liberto , G. , Shayler , P.J. , Parmenter , C.D.J. et al. Application of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Platform for the Measurement of Soot-In-Oil Agglomerates from Automotive Engines Tribology International 70 142 147 2014 10.1016/j.triboint.2013.09.018
38. Dobbins , R.A. and Megaridis , C.M. Morphology of Flame-Generated Soot as Determined by Thermophoretic Sampling Langmuir 3 2 254 259 1987 10.1021/la00074a019
39. Yamaguchi , T. , Kondo , K. , Nishigai , H. , Takano , S. et al. Direct Sampling, TEM Analysis and Optical Measurement of Soot Particles at Different Axial Locations in a Transient Spray Flame SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 1 316 328 2012 10.4271/2011-01-2051
40. Kook , S. and Pickett , L.M. Soot Volume Fraction and Morphology of Conventional, Fischer-Tropsch, Coal-Derived, and Surrogate Fuel at Diesel Conditions SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 2 647 664 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0678
41. Su , D.S. , Jentoft , R.E. , Müller , J.-O. , Rothe , D. et al. Microstructure and Oxidation Behaviour of Euro IV Diesel Engine Soot: A Comparative Study with Synthetic Model Soot Substances Catalysis Today 90 1 127 132 2004
42. Lapuerta , M. , Ballesteros , R. , and Martos , F.J. The Effect of Diesel Engine Conditions on the Size and Morphology of Soot Particles International Journal of Vehicle Design 50 1-4 91 106 2009
43. Alfè , M. , Apicella , B. , Barbella , R. , Rouzaud , J.-N. et al. Structure-Property Relationship in Nanostructures of Young and Mature Soot in Premixed Flames Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 1 697 704 2009
44. Brodowski , S. , Amelung , W. , Haumaier , L. , Abetz , C. et al. Morphological and Chemical Properties of Black Carbon in Physical Soil Fractions as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Geoderma 128 1-2 116 129 2005
45. Fernandes , M.B. , Skjemstad , J.O. , Johnson , B.B. , Wells , J.D. et al. Characterization of Carbonaceous Combustion Residues. I. Morphological, Elemental and Spectroscopic Features Chemosphere 51 8 785 795 2003
46. Schindelin , J. , Arganda-Carreras , I. , Frise , E. , Kaynig , V. et al. Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis Nature Methods 9 7 676 682 2012 10.1038/Nmeth.2019
47. Neer , A. and Koylu , U.O. Effect of Operating Conditions on the Size, Morphology, and Concentration of Submicrometer Particulates Emitted from a Diesel Engine Combustion and Flame 146 1-2 142 154 2006 10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.04.003
48. Bonczyk , P.A. and Hall , R.J. Fractal Properties of Soot Agglomerates Langmuir 7 6 1274 1280 1991
49. Koylu , U.O. , McEnally , C.S. , Rosner , D.E. , and Pfefferle , L.D. Simultaneous Measurements of Soot Volume Fraction and Particle Size/Microstructure in Flames Using a Thermophoretic Sampling Technique Combustion and Flame 110 4 494 507 1997 10.1016/S0010-2180(97)00089-8
50. Gwaze , P. , Schmid , O. , Annegarn , H.J. , Andreae , M.O. et al. Comparison of Three Methods of Fractal Analysis Applied to Soot Aggregates from Wood Combustion Journal of Aerosol Science 37 7 820 838 2006 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.06.007
51. Lapuerta , M. , Ballesteros , R. , and Martos , F.J. A Method to Determine the Fractal Dimension of Diesel Soot Agglomerates Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 303 1 149 158 2006 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.07.066
52. van Poppel , L.H. , Friedrich , H. , Spinsby , J. , Chung , S.H. et al. Electron Tomography of Nanoparticle Clusters: Implications for Atmospheric Lifetimes and Radiative Forcing of Soot Geophysical Research Letters 32 24 2005 Artn L2481110.1029/2005gl024461
53. Orhan , O. , Haffner-Staton , E. , La Rocca , A. , and Fay , M. Characterisation of Flame-Generated Soot and Soot-In-Oil Using Electron Tomography Volume Reconstructions and Comparison with Traditional 2D-TEM Measurements Tribology International 104 272 284 2016 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.09.015
54. Medalia , A.I. Morphology of Aggregates: VI. Effective Volume of Aggregates of Carbon Black from Electron Microscopy; Application to Vehicle Absorption and to Die Swell of Filled Rubber Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 32 1 115 131 1970
55. Bardasz , E.A. , Cowling , S.V. , Ebeling , V.L. , George , H.F. et al. Understanding Soot Mediated Oil Thickening through Designed Experimentation-Part 1: Mack EM6-287, GM 6.2 L SAE Technical Paper 952527 1995 10.4271/952527
56. Adachi , K. , Chung , S.H. , and Buseck , P.R. Shapes of Soot Aerosol Particles and Implications for Their Effects on Climate Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 115 2010 Artn D1520610.1029/2009jd012868
57. La Rocca , A. , Campbell , J. , Fay , M.W. , and Orhan , O. Soot-in-Oil 3D Volume Reconstruction Through the Use of Electron Tomography: An Introductory Study Tribology Letters 61 1 2016 ARTN 810.1007/s11249-015-0625-z
58. Frank , J. Electron Tomography: Methods for Three-Dimensional Visualization of Structures in the Cell Second New York Springer 2008
59. Midgley , P.A. and Weyland , M. 3D Electron Microscopy in the Physical Sciences: The Development of Z-Contrast and EFTEM Tomography Ultramicroscopy 96 3-4 413 431 2003 10.1016/S0304-3991(03)00105-0
60. Fernandez , J.J. Computational Methods for Materials Characterization by Electron Tomography Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science 17 3 93 106 2013 10.1016/j.cossms.2013.03.002
61. Batenburg , K.J. , Fortes , W. , Hajdu , L. , and Tijdeman , R. Bounds on the Difference between Reconstructions in Binary Tomography Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery 6607 369 2011
62. Batenburg , K.J. , Bals , S. , Sijbers , J. , Kubel , C. et al. 3D Imaging of Nanomaterials by Discrete Tomography Ultramicroscopy 109 6 730 740 2009 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.01.009
63. HAFFNER-STATON , E. , La Rocca , A. , and Fay , M.W. Progress towards a Methodology for High Throughput 3D Reconstruction of Soot Nanoparticles via Electron Tomography Journal of Microscopy 270 3 272 289 2018
64. Okyay , G. , Heripre , E. , Reiss , T. , Haghi-Ashtiani , P. et al. Soot Aggregate Complex Morphology: 3D Geometry Reconstruction by SEM Tomography Applied on Soot Issued from Propane Combustion Journal of Aerosol Science 93 63 79 2016 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.11.009
65. Fernandez , J.J. Computational Methods for Electron Tomography Micron 43 10 1010 1030 2012 10.1016/j.micron.2012.05.003
66. Radermacher , M. and Hoppe , W. Properties of 3-D Reconstruction from Projections by Conical Tilting Compared to Single-Axis Tilting Proceedings of the 7th European Congress on Electron Microscopy 1980
67. Friedrich , H. , Guo , S. , de Jongh , P.E. , Pan , X. et al. A Quantitative Electron Tomography Study of Ruthenium Particles on the Interior and Exterior Surfaces of Carbon Nanotubes ChemSusChem 4 7 957 963 2011
68. Ali , R.A. , Landsberg , M.J. , Knauth , E. , Morgan , G.P. et al. A 3D Image Filter for Parameter-Free Segmentation of Macromolecular Structures from Electron Tomograms PLOS ONE 7 3 e33697 2012 10.1371/journal.pone.0033697
69. Mairhofer , S. , Sturrock , C. , Wells , D.M. , Bennett , M.J. et al. On the Evaluation of Methods for the Recovery of Plant Root Systems from X-Ray Computed Tomography Images Functional Plant Biology 42 5 460 470 2015 10.1071/Fp14071
70. Mezerji , H.H. , Van den Broek , W. , and Bals , S. A Practical Method to Determine the Effective Resolution in Incoherent Experimental Electron Tomography Ultramicroscopy 111 5 330 336 2011
71. Pettersen , E.F. , Goddard , T.D. , Huang , C.C. , Couch , G.S. et al. UCSF Chimera-A Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis J Comput Chem 25 2004 10.1002/jcc.20084
72. Kremer , J.R. , Mastronarde , D.N. , and McIntosh , J.R. Computer Visualization of Three-Dimensional Image Data Using IMOD J Struct Biol 116 1996 10.1006/jsbi.1996.0013
73. Doube , M. , Klosowski , M.M. , Arganda-Carreras , I. , Cordelieres , F.P. et al. BoneJ Free and Extensible Bone Image Analysis in ImageJ Bone 47 6 1076 1079 2010 10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.023
74. Wadell , H. Sphericity and Roundness of Rock Particles The Journal of Geology 41 3 310 331 1933

Cited By