Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?
Technical Paper
2019-01-0301
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Formation of soot is a known phenomenon for diesel engines, however, only
recently emerged for gasoline engines with the introduction of direct injection
systems. Soot-in-oil samples from a three-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct
injection (GDI) engine have been analysed. The samples were collected from the
oil sump after periods of use in predominantly urban driving conditions with
start-stop mode activated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to
measure the soot content in the drained oils. Soot deposition rates were similar
to previously reported rates for diesel engines, i.e. 1 wt% per 15,000 km, thus
indicating a similar importance. Morphology was assessed by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). Images showed fractal agglomerates comprising
multiple primary particles with characteristic core-shell nanostructure.
Furthermore, large amorphous structures were observed. Primary particle sizes
ranged from 12 to 55 nm, with a mean diameter of 30 nm and mode at 31 nm.
Particle agglomerates were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The
agglomerates were found to range between 42 and 475 nm, with a mean size of 132
nm and mode at 100 nm. The distribution was shifted towards larger sizes with a
minor concentration of very large agglomerates observed around 382 nm. While
deposition rate and agglomerate morphology were similar to diesel engines,
distinctive amorphous carbon and smaller particles were observed. Hence,
existing knowledge for diesel applications might not be directly
transferrable.
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Authors
Citation
Pfau, S., La Rocca, A., Haffner-Staton, E., Rance, G. et al., "Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0301, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0301.Data Sets - Support Documents
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