This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Analysis of the Impact of Production Lubricant Composition and Fuel Dilution on Stochastic Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged, Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines
Technical Paper
2019-01-0256
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The occurrence of abnormal combustion events leading to high peak pressures and severe knock can be considered to be one of the main challenges for modern turbocharged, direct-injected gasoline engines. These abnormal combustion events have been referred to as Stochastic Pre-Ignition (SPI) or Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI). The events are characterized by an undesired, early start of combustion of the cylinder charge which occurs before or in parallel to the intended flame kernel development from the spark plug. Early SPI events can subsequently lead to violent auto-ignitions that are often referred to as Mega- or Super-Knock. These heavy knock events lead to strong pressure oscillations which can destroy production engines within a few occurrences. SPI occurs mainly at low engine speed and high engine load, thus limiting the engine operating area that is in particular important to achieve good drivability in downsized engines. Recent experimental SPI studies have linked this phenomenon strongly to engine oils.
While numerous studies have been published using target blended oils, the presented study focuses on the impact of lubricants with production level formulations on SPI event occurrence. The utilized test engine is a production, turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline (GTDI) engine with a homogeneous common rail high pressure injection system and side mounted multi-hole injectors. All experiments were conducted on a steady state engine test bench with intake air, coolant, oil and fuel conditioning. The engine was equipped with a prototype engine controller that allowed negating the influence of vehicle, knock mitigation or balancing algorithms on combustion properties. 11 market relevant production engine oils for sale in the US in 2017 were analyzed regarding their composition using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). All 11 oils were then tested for their impact on SPI occurrence, severity and characteristics. The experimental results were subsequently correlated to the oil analysis results. In addition, one oil was analyzed regarding the impact of fuel dilution and ageing on SPI occurrence using the same test setup.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Haenel, P., de Bruijn, R., Tomazic, D., and Kleeberg, H., "Analysis of the Impact of Production Lubricant Composition and Fuel Dilution on Stochastic Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged, Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0256, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0256.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 6 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 7 |
Also In
References
- Zaccardi , J.-M. , Duval , L. , and Pagot , A. Development of Specific Tools for Analysis and Quantification of Pre-Ignition in a Boosted SI Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 1587 1600 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1795
- Dahnz , C. , Han , K.-M. , Spicher , U. , Magar , M. et al. Investigations on Pre-Ignition in Highly Supercharged SI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 214 224 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0355
- Spicher , U. and Palaveev , S. Pre-Ignition and Knocking Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines with Direct Injection SAE Technical Paper 2010-08-0146 2010 10.4271/2010-08-0146
- Haenel , P. , Kleeberg , H. , and Tomazic , D. 2011
- Passow , E.J. , Sethi , P. , Maschewske , M. , Bieneman , J. et al. An Introduction to How Low Speed Pre Ignition Affects Engine Components SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1042 2017 10.4271/2017-01-1042
- Michlberger , A. , Sutton , M. , and Dohner , B. Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) Durability: A Study of LSPI in Fresh and Aged Engine Oils SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0934 2018 10.4271/2018-01-0934
- Haenel , P. , Seyfried , P. , Kleeberg , H. , and Tomazic , D. Systematic Approach to Analyze and Characterize Pre-Ignition Events in Turbocharged Direct-Injected Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0343 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0343
- Okada , Y. , Miyashita , S. , Izumi , Y. , and Hayakawa , Y. Study of Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Boosted Spark Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 7 2 584 594 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1218
- Tamura , K. , Utaka , T. , Kamano , H. , Hayakawa , N. et al. Abnormal Combustion Induced by Combustion Chamber Deposits Derived from Engine Oil Additives in a Spark-Ignited Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 8 1 200 205 2015 10.4271/2014-32-0091
- Wang , Z. , Qi , Y. , Liu , H. , Long , Y. et al. Experimental Study on Pre-Ignition and Super-Knock in Gasoline Engine Combustion with Carbon Particle at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-0752 2015 10.4271/2015-01-0752
- Shimizu , K. , Takahata , S. , Miura , K. , Shoji , H. et al. Influence of Calcium-Based Additives with Different Properties on Abnormal Combustion in an SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2016-32-0007 2016 10.4271/2016-32-0007
- Gupta , A. , Seeley , R. , Shao , H. , Remias , J. et al. Impact of Particle Characteristics and Engine Conditions on De-Posit-Induced Pre-Ignition and Superknock in Turbocharged Gasoline Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10 3 2017 10.4271/2017-01-2345
- Lauer , T. , Heiss , M. , Bobicic , N. , Holly , W. et al. A Comprehensive Simulation Approach to Irregular Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1214 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1214
- Kassai , M. , Shiraishi , T. , and Noda , T. Fundamental Mechanism Analysis on the Underlying Processes of LSPI Using Experimental and Modeling Approaches Knocking in Gasoline Engines Springer 2018 10.1007/978-3-319-69760-4_6
- Spicher , U. , Gohl , M. , Magar , M. , and Hadler , J. The Role of Engine Oil in Low-speed Pre-Ignition MTZ 01/2016 2016 10.1007/s38313-015-0079-6
- Ohtomo , M. , Suzuoki , T. , Miyagawa , H. , Koike , M. et al. Fundamental Analysis on Auto-Ignition Condition of a Lubricant Oil Droplet for Understanding a Mechanism of Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Highly Charged Spark-Ignition Engines International J. Engine Research 2018
- Kuboyama , T. , Moriyoshi , Y. , and Morikawa , K. Visualization and Analysis of LSPI Mechanism Caused by Oil Droplet, Particle and Deposit in Highly Boosted SI Combustion in Low Speed Range SAE Int. J. Engines 8 2 529 537 2015 10.4271/2015-01-0761
- Yu , X. , Costanzo , V. , Chapman , E. , and Davis , R. A Robust Preignition Rating Methodology: Evaluating the Propensity to Establish Propagating Flames under Real Engine Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2241 2017 10.4271/2017-01-2241
- Ritchie , A. , Boese , D. , and Young , A.W. Controlling Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Modern Automotive Equipment Part 3: Identification of Key Additive Component Types and Other Lubricant Composition Effects on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition SAE Int. J. Engines 9 2 832 840 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0717
- Kocsis , M.C. , Briggs , T. , and Anderson , G. The Impact of Lubricant Volatility, Viscosity and Detergent Chemistry on Low Speed Pre-Ignition Behavior SAE Int. J. Engines 10 3 1019 1035 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0685
- Leach , B. , Smith , A. , Pearson R. , Williams , J. et al. Management of Low Speed Pre-Ignition via Fuel and Lubricant Formulation 26th Aachener Kolloquium 2017
- Takeuchi , K. , Fujimoto , K. , Hirano , S. , and Yamashita , M. Investigation of Engine Oil Effect on Abnormal Combustion in Turbocharged Direct Injection - Spark Ignition Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 3 1017 1024 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1615
- Andrews , A. , Burns , R. , Dougherty , R. , Deckman , D. et al. Investigation of Engine Oil Base Stock Effects on Low Speed Pre-Ignition in a Turbocharged Direct Injection SI Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 2 400 407 2016 10.4271/2016-01-9071
- Chapman , E. , Davis , R.S. , Studzinski , W. , and Geng , P. Fuel Octane and Volatility Effects on the Stochastic Pre-Ignition Behavior of a 2.0L Gasoline Turbocharged DI Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 2 379 389 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1226
- Kassai , M. , Torii , K. , Shiraishi , T. , Noda , T. et al. Research on the Effect of Lubricant Oil and Fuel Properties on LSPI Occurrence in Boosted S. I. Engines SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2292 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2292
- Kocsis , M.C. , Anderson , G. , and Briggs , T. Real Fuel Effects on Low Speed Pre-Ignition SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1456 2018 10.4271/2018-01-1456
- Haenel , P. , Seyfried , P. , Kleeberg , H. , and Tomazic , D. Systematic Approach to Analyze and Characterize Pre-Ignition Events in Turbocharged Direct-Injected Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0343 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0343
- Kubach , H. , Weidenlener , A. , Pfeil , J. , Koch , T. et al. Investigations on the Influence of Fuel Oil Film Interaction on Pre-Ignition Events in Highly Boosted DI Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1454 2018 10.4271/2018-01-1454
- Amann , M. , Alger , T. , Westmoreland , B. , and Rothmaier , A. The Effects of Piston Crevices and Injection Strategy on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Boosted SI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 5 3 1216 1228 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1148
- Zahdeh , A. , Rothenberger , P. , Nguyen , W. , Anbarasu , M. et al. Fundamental Approach to Investigate Pre-Ignition in Boosted SI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 246 273 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0340
- Mansfield , A.B. , Chapman , E. , and Briscoe , K. Impact of Fuel Octane Rating and Aromatic Content on Stochastic Pre-Ignition SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0721 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0721
- Mansfield , A.B. , Chapman , E. , and Briscoe , K. Effect of Market Variations in Gasoline Composition on Aspects of Stochastic Pre-Ignition Fuel 184 390 400 2016 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.010
- Amann , M. , Alger , T. , and Mehta , D. The Effect of EGR on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Boosted SI Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 235 245 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0339
- Haenel , P. , Kleeberg , H. , de Bruijn , R. , and Tomazic , D. Influence of Ethanol Blends on Low Speed Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged, Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10 1 95 105 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0687
- Haenel , P. Development of a Measurement Based Pre-Event Control Function to Avoid Pre-Ignition in GTDI Engines SAE High Efficiency Engine Symposium Detroit 2017
- Wang et al. Knocking Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 61 78 112 2017 10.1016/j.pecs.2017.03.004
- Haenel , P. 2019
- Teng , H. , Miao , R. , Cao , L. , Luo , X. et al. Characteristics of Abnormal Combustion in the Scavenging Zone for a Highly-Boosted Gasoline Direct Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1721 2017 10.4271/2017-01-1721
- Morikawa , K. , Moriyoshi , Y. , Kuboyama , T. , Yamada , T. et al. Investigation of Lubricating Oil Properties Effect on Low Speed Pre-Ignition SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1870 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1870
- Onodera , K. , Kato , T. , Ogano , S. , Fujimoto , K. et al. Engine Oil Formulation Technology to Prevent Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-2027 2015 10.4271/2015-01-2027
- Long , Y. , Wang , Z. , Qi , Y. , Xiang , S. et al. Effect of Oil and Gasoline Properties on Pre-Ignition and Super-Knock in a Thermal Research Engine (TRE) and an Optical Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0720 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0720
- Fan , C. , Tong , S. , Xu , X. , Li , J. et al. Characteristics of Lubricants on Auto-Ignition under Controllable Active Thermo-Atmosphere SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 2 358 362 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0889
- Kassai , M. , Shiraishi , T. , Noda , T. , Hirabe , M. et al. An Investigation on the Ignition Characteristics of Lubricant Component Containing Fuel Droplets Using Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 3 469 480 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2168
- Yang , K. , Fletcher , K.A. , Styer , J.P. , Lam , W.Y. et al. Advanced Lubrication - Enabling and Protecting Turbocharged, Direct Injection Gasoline Engines for Optimum Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2275 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2275
- Fletcher , K.A. , Dingwell , L. , Yang , K. , Lam , W.Y. et al. Engine Oil Additive Impacts on Low Speed Pre-Ignition SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 3 612 620 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2277
- He , Y. , Liu , Z. , Stahl , I. , Zhang , G. et al. Comparison of Stochastic Pre-Ignition Behaviors on a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine with Various Fuels and Lubricants SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2291 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2291
- Mayer , M. , Hofmann , P. , Williams , J. , and Tong , D. Influence of the Engine Oil on Pre-Ignitions at Highly Supercharged Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines MTZ 06/2016 2016 10.1007/s38313-016-0044-z
- Miyasaka , T. , Miura , K. , Hayakawa , N. , Ishino , T. et al. A Study on the Effect of a Calcium-Based Engine Oil Additive on Abnormal SI Engine Combustion SAE Int. J. Engines 8 1 206 213 2015 10.4271/2014-32-0092
- Hayakawa , N. , Miura , K. , Miyasaka , T. , Ishino , T. et al. A Study on the Effect of Zn- and Mo-Based Engine Oil Additives on Abnormal SI Engine Combustion using In-Cylinder Combustion Visualization SAE Int. J. Engines 8 1 214 220 2015 10.4271/2014-32-0096
- Welling , O. , Collings , N. , Williams , J. , and Moss , J. Impact of Lubricant Composition on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1213 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1213
- Kuti , O.A. , Yang , S.Y. , Hourani , N. , Naser , N. et al. A Fundamental Investigation into the Relationship between Lubricant Composition and Fuel Ignition Quality Fuel 160 605 613 2015 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.026
- Hirano , S. , Yamashita , M. , Fujimoto , K. , and Kato , K. Investigation of Engine Oil Effect on Abnormal Combustion in Turbocharged Direct Injection-Spark Ignition Engines (Part 2) SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2569 2013 10.4271/2013-01-2569
- Spindt , R. Air-Fuel Ratios from Exhaust Gas Analysis SAE Technical Paper 650507 1965 10.4271/650507
- Mayer , M. , Hofmann , P. , Geringer , B. , Williams , J. et al. Influence of Different Fuel Properties and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 9 2 841 848 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0719
- Rassweiler , G. and Withrow , L. Motion Pictures of Engine Flames Correlated with Pressure Cards SAE Technical Paper 380139 1938 10.4271/380139