This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effect of Lubricant Oil on Particle Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Light-Duty Vehicle
Technical Paper
2018-01-1708
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Gasoline direction injection (GDI) engines have been widely used by light-duty vehicle manufacturers in recent years to meet stringent fuel economy and emissions standards. Particulate Matter (PM) mass emissions from current GDI engines are primarily composed of soot particles or black carbon with a small fraction (15% to 20%) of semi-volatile hydrocarbons generated from unburned/partially burned fuel and lubricating oil. Between 2017 and 2025, PM mass emissions regulations in the USA are expected to become progressively more stringent going down from current level of 6 mg/mile to 1 mg/mile in 2025. As PM emissions are reduced through soot reduction, lubricating oil derived semi-volatile PM is expected to become a bigger fraction of total PM mass emissions. The primary objective of this research was to study the effect of lubricating oil on PM emissions from a modern light-duty vehicle equipped with a GDI engine without a GPF with a PM emission level near 1 mg/mile which is well below the current standard. Testing included two lubricating engine oils with differing physical and chemical properties - one with low volatility and low ash content (Oil A), and another with high volatility and high ash content (Oil B). A 2013 US model year Mercedes-Benz GLK 350 was used as the test vehicle for the program. SwRI’s Direct Electronic Vehicle Control (DEVCon) driving method was utilized to ensure high levels of repeatability between tests. Three repeats of cold-start FTP-75 followed by hot-start US06 for each engine oil were conducted. Criteria gaseous and PM mass emissions along with solid and total (solid plus volatile species) particle number (PN), solid and total particle size distribution, ash number emissions and soot mass emissions were examined. Results indicate that total PM mass, solid PN, total PN and ash number emissions increase with the oil having higher volatility and ash content (Oil B). This work also shows that lubricating oil can have an influence on solid particle number in the sub-23 nm size range, which is a size range below the current European Union (EU) PN regulatory limit but under consideration to be included in the near future. Results from this program reaffirm that PM emissions could be influenced by lubricating engine oil properties and formulation.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Premnath, V., Khalek, I., Morgan, P., Michlberger, A. et al., "Effect of Lubricant Oil on Particle Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Light-Duty Vehicle," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1708, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1708.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 5 |
Also In
References
- Chen , L. and Stone , R. Measurement of Enthalpies of Vaporization of Isooctane and Ethanol Blends and their Effects on PM Emissions from a GDI Engine Energy and Fuels 25 3 1254 1259 2011 10.1021/ef1015796
- Chen , L. , Liang , Z. , Zhang , X. , and Shuai , S. Characterizing Particulate Matter Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles under Transient and Cold Start Conditions Fuel 189 131 140 2017 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.055
- Weilenmann , M. , Soltic , P. , Saxer , C. , Forss , A.M. et al. Regulated and Nonregulated Diesel and Gasoline Cold Start Emissions at Different Temperatures Atmos. Environ. 39 13 2433 2441 2005 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.081
- Mohr , M. , Forss , A.M. , and Lehmann , U. Particle Emissions from Diesel Passenger Cars Equipped with a Particle Trap in Comparison to Other Technologies Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 7 2375 2383 2006 10.1021/es051440z
- Thompson , N. , Ntziachristos , L. , Samaras , Z. , Aakko , P. et al. Overview of the European ‘Particulates’ Project on the Characterization of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles: Results for Heavy Duty Engines SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1986 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1986
- Hall , D.E. and Dickens , C.J. Measurement of the Number and Size Distribution of Particles Emitted from a Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3530 1999 10.4271/1999-01-3530
- Khalek , I.A. , Bougher , T. , and Jetter , J.J. Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels 3 2 623 637 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2117
- Su , D.S. , Serafino , A. , Müller , J.-O. , Jentoft , R.E. et al. Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Potential of Soot Particles of Low-Emission Diesel Engines Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 5 1761 1765 2008 10.1021/es0716554
- Sioutas , C. , Delfino , R.J. , and Singh , M. Exposure Assessment for Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles (UFPs) and Implications in Epidemiologic Research Environ. Health Perspect. 113 8 947 955 2005 10.1289/ehp.7939
- Wehner , B. , Birmili , W. , Gnauk , T. , and Wiedensohler , A. Particle Number Size Distributions in a Street Canyon and their Transformation into the Urban Background: Measurements and a Simple Model Study Atmos. Environ. 36 2215 2223 2002 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00174-7
- Arnold , F. , Pirjola , L. , Rönkkö , T. , Reichl , U. et al. First Online Measurements of Sulfuric Acid Gas in Modern Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust: Implications for Nanoparticle Formation Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 20 11227 11234 2012 10.1021/es302432s
- Pope , C.A. and Dockery , D.W. Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 56 6 709 742 2006 10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
- Karjalainen , P. , Pirjola , L. , Heikkilä , J. , Lähde , T. et al. Exhaust Particles of Modern Gasoline Vehicles: A Laboratory and an on-Road Study Atmos. Environ. 97 262 270 2014 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.025
- Tonini , S. , Gavaises , M. , Arcoumanis , C. , Theodorakakos , A. et al. Multi-Component Fuel Vaporization Modelling and its Effect on Spray Development in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D: J. Automob. Eng. 221 10 1321 1342 2007 10.1243/09544070JAUTO545
- Rönkkö , T. , Pirjola , L. , Ntziachristos , L. , Heikkilä , J. et al. Vehicle Engines Produce Exhaust Nanoparticles Even when Not Fueled Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 3 2043 2050 2014 10.1021/es405687m
- Maricq , M.M. , Szente , J.J. , Harwell , A.L. , and Loos , M.J. Impact of Aggressive Drive Cycles on Motor Vehicle Exhaust PM Emissions J. Aerosol Sci. 113 Supplement C 1 11 2017 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.07.005
- Morgan , P. , Smith , I. , Premnath , V. , and Kroll , S. 2017
- Pirjola , L. , Karjalainen , P. , Heikkilä , J. , Saari , S. et al. Effects of Fresh Lubricant Oils on Particle Emissions Emitted by a Modern Gasoline Direct Injection Passenger Car Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 6 3644 3652 2015 10.1021/es505109u
- Jang , J. , Lee , Y. , Kwon , O. , Lee , M. et al. The Effect of Engine Oil on Particulate Matter, Emissions and Fuel Economy in Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2837 2015 10.4271/2014-01-2837
- Sonntag , D.B. , Bailey , C.R. , Fulper , C.R. , and Baldauf , R.W. Contribution of Lubricating Oil to Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 7 4191 4199 2012 10.1021/es203747f
- Kleeman , M.J. , Riddle , S.G. , Robert , M.A. , and Jakober , C.A. Lubricating Oil and Fuel Contributions to Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline and Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 1 235 242 2008 10.1021/es071054c
- Kittelson , D.B. , Watts , W.F. , Johnson , J.P. , Thorne , C. et al. Effect of Fuel and Lube Oil Sulfur on the Performance of a Diesel Exhaust Gas Regenerating Trap Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 24 9276 9282 2008
- Brandenberger , S. , Mohr , M. , Grob , K. , and Neukom , H.P. Contribution of Unburned Lubricating Oil and Diesel Fuel to Particulate Emission from Passenger Cars Atmos. Environ. 39 37 6985 6994 2005 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.042
- Gidney , J.T. , Twigg , M.V. , and Kittelson , D.B. Effect of Organometallic Fuel Additives on Nanoparticle Emissions from a Gasoline Passenger Car Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 7 2562 2569 2010 10.1021/es901868c
- Michlberger , A. , Morgan , P. , Delbridge , E.E , Gieselman , M.D. et al. Engine Oil Fuel Economy Testing - A Tale of Two Tests SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10 2 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0882
- Morgan , P. , Michlberger , A. , Kocsis , M. , Gieselman , M.D. et al. Advanced Test Methods Aid in Formulating Engine Oils for Fuel Economy SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2269 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2269
- Blanks , M. and Forster , N. Technical Approach to Increasing Fuel Economy Test Precision with Light Duty Vehicles on a Chassis Dynamometer SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0907 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0907
- EPA Title 40: Protection of Environment https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr1065_main_02.tpl 2008
- Johnson , T. , Caldow , R. , Pöcher , A. , Mirme , A. et al. A New Electrical Mobility Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Engine Exhaust Particle Measurements SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1341 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1341
- Wang , X. , Grose , M.A. , Avenido , A. , Stolzenburg , M.R. et al. Improvement of Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Size Distribution Measurement - I. Algorithm and Applications to Compact-Shape Particles J. Aerosol Sci. 92 95 108 2016 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.11.002
- Wang , X. , Grose , M.A. , Caldow , R. , Osmondson , B.L. et al. Improvement of Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Size Distribution Measurement - II. Engine Exhaust Particles J. Aerosol Sci. 92 83 94 2016 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.11.003
- Khalek , I.A. Sampling System for Solid and Volatile Exhaust Particle Size, Number, and Mass Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0307 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0307
- Schindler , W. , Haisch , C. , Beck , H.A. , Niessner , R. et al. A Photoacoustic Sensor System for Time Resolved Quantification of Diesel Soot Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0968 2004 10.4271/2004-01-0968
- Apple , J. , Gladis , D.D. , Watts , W. , and Kittelson , D. Measuring Diesel Ash Emissions and Estimating Lube Oil Consumption Using a High Temperature Oxidation Method SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2 1 850 859 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1843
- Khalek , I.A. , Badshah , H. , Premnath , V. , and Brezny , R. Solid Particle Number and Ash Emissions from Heavy-Duty Natural Gas and Diesel w/SCRF Engines SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0362 2018 10.4271/2018-01-0362