This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Worldwide Electrical Energy Consumption of Various HVAC Systems in BEVs and Their Thermal Management and Assessment
Technical Paper
2018-01-1190
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are equipped with Mobile Air Conditioning systems (MACs) to ensure a comfortable cabin temperature in all climates and ambient conditions as well as the optional conditioning of the traction battery. An assessment of the global electrical energy consumption of various MACs has been derived, where the basis of the assessment procedure is the climate data GREEN-MAC-LCCP 2007 (Global Refrigerants Energy & Environmental - Mobile Air Condition - Life Cycle Climate Performance) and the improved LCCP2013 (Life Cycle Climate Performance. The percentage driving time during 6 AM and 24 PM is divided into six different temperature bins with the solar radiation and relative humidity for 211 cities distributed over Europe, North, Central, and South America, Asia, South West Pacific, and Africa. The energy consumption of the MACs is determined by a thermal vehicle simulation. In this work, four different MACs are simulated and compared. The MACs that are investigated are two conventional refrigeration cycles with PTC (Positive Thermal Coefficient, one with R-1234yf and the other with R-744 as the refrigerant, as well as two heat pump systems, one with R-134a and the other with R-744. Taking into account the number of vehicle registrations and the average distance traveled per city, the average energy consumption per kilometer, the annual energy consumption per car, and the necessary energy for a BEV fleet for heating and cooling is estimated at city, country, continent and world level.
This study also deals with the optimization of mobile air conditioning systems based on the Evans-Perkins process. These systems are used for cooling the passenger compartment. Additionally, a reversible system can be used as heat pump system for providing passenger and battery heating. The required electrical energy for this process depends on the temperature difference in the system. The available heat sources are discussed as well as the control strategy and the optimization potential. Finally, a generic control structure for refrigeration cycles with the refrigerants R-744 and R-1234yf is presented, where the control structure depends on independent, gain-scheduled controllers. This results in a very flexible control structure. The R-744 heat pump system is an example of a moderately complex mobile air conditioning and heating system because of the increasing degree of freedom due to the temporary transcritical process control.
Recommended Content
| Journal Article | Thermal Behavior Analysis of Polymer Composites in Lithium-Ion Battery Cell |
| Technical Paper | Numerical Investigation of Droplets Condensation on a Windshield: Prediction of Fogging Behavior |
| Ground Vehicle Standard | Measurement of Interior Sound Levels of Light Vehicles |
Authors
Topic
Citation
Westerloh, M., Twenhövel, S., Koehler, J., and Schumacher, W., "Worldwide Electrical Energy Consumption of Various HVAC Systems in BEVs and Their Thermal Management and Assessment," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1190, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1190.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 |
Also In
References
- Europäische Union 2 2014
- Stocker , T.F. et al. 2014
- Europäische Union 2006
- Europäische Union 2014
- USA Code of Federal Regulations 2015
- Environment and Climate Change Canada 2016
- Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry - Japan 2015
- Papasavva , S. , Hill , W.R. , and Brown , R.O. GREEN-MAC-LCCP®: A Tool for Assessing Life Cycle Greenhouse Emissions of Alternative Refrigerants SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 1 1 746 756 2009 10.4271/2008-01-08
- Papasavva , S. , Hill , W.R. , and Andersen , S.O. GREEN-MAC-LCCP: A Tool for Assessing the Life Cycle Climate Performance of MAC Systems Environmental Science & Technology 2010
- Papasavva , S. and Andersen , S.O. Green-MAC-LCCP©: Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metric for Mobile Air Conditioning Technology Choice Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 2011
- Papasavva , S. , Hill , W.R. , and Monforte , R. Comparison of GREEN-MAC-LCCP© Based Indirect CO 2 -eq. Emissions from MACs and Vehicle Measured Data SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1208 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1208
- Beshr , M. and Aute , V. 2014
- International Institute of Refrigeration http://www.iifiir.org/userfiles/file/about_iir/working_parties/WP_LCCP/04/IIR_LCCP-WP_4th-Meeting_3_2013-overview.pdf
- Lee , H. et al. LCCP Evaluation on Various Vapor Compression Cycle Options and Low GWP Refrigerants International Journal Of Refrigeration 2016
- Hofemeier , F. 2013
- Weigand B. ; Köhler J. Wolfersdorf , J. Thermodynamik kompakt Springer 2013
- Homann , G. 2015
- Jensen , J.B. and Skogestad , S. Optimal Operation of Simple Refrigeration Cycles: Part I: Degrees of Freedom and Optimality of Sub-Cooling Computers & Chemical Engineering 2007
- Adamy , J. Nichtlineare Systeme und Regelungen. 2., bearb. u. erw. Aufl Berlin Springer Vieweg 2014
- Puntigam , W. , Balic , J. , Almbauer , R. , and Hager , J. Transient Co-Simulation of Comprehensive Vehicle Models by Time Dependent Coupling SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1604 2006 10.4271/2006-01-1604
- Lund , C. , Maister , W. , Lange , C. , and Beyer , B. Innovation Durch Co-Simulation Expert Verlag 2008
- Bindick , S. ; Dobmann , M. , and Soppa , A. GSVF, Grazer Symposium Virtuelles Fahrzeug 2014
- Soppa , A. , Bindick , S. , and Dobmann , M. 2014
- Wilcox , S. and Marion , W. 2008
- ASHRAE International Weather for Energy Calculations (IWEC Weather Files) Users Manual and CD-ROM ASHRAE Atlanta 2001
- China Meteorological Bureau, Climate Information Center, Climate Data Office, Tsinghua University, Department of Building Science and Technology 2005
- Westerloh , M. 2016