This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effects of Valve Deactivation on Thermal Efficiency in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine under Dilute Conditions
Technical Paper
2018-01-0892
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Reported in the current paper is a study into the cycle efficiency effects of utilising a complex valvetrain mechanism in order to generate variable in-cylinder charge motion and therefore alter the dilution tolerance of a Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine.
A Jaguar Land Rover Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) was operated at a number of engine speeds and loads with the dilution fraction varied accordingly (excess air (lean), external Exhaust Gas Residuals (EGR) or some combination of both). For each engine speed, load and dilution fraction, the engine was operated with either both intake valves fully open - Dual Valve Actuation (DVA) - or one valve completely closed - Single Valve Actuation (SVA) mode.
The engine was operated in DVA and SVA modes with EGR fractions up to 20% with the excess air dilution (Lambda) increased (to approximately 1.8) until combustion stability was duly compromised. At 1500 Revolutions Per Minute (RPM), 3.6 bar and 7.9 bar Gross Mean effective Pressure (GMEP), the dilution tolerance of the engine was significantly increased for a given combustion stability limit utilising SVA. This resulted in fuel consumption reductions of up to 3.8% and 3.1% respectively for these two engine speed and load conditions as a result of being able to operate the engine with more thermodynamically attractive mixtures when adopting SVA. At 2000RPM, 9.8 bar GMEP, the dilution tolerance was only marginally increased which resulted in a fuel consumption reduction of 1.3% when adopting SVA over DVA (for the same reasons outlined above).
Increased dilution tolerance in all cases was achieved as a result of significant enhancement in charge motion when adopting SVA. By enhancing the in-cylinder charge motion (confirmed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)), ignition to 10% Mass Fraction Burned (MFB) and 10-90% MFB durations for equivalent levels of dilution were significantly shorter when adopting SVA. This therefore allowed greater dilution tolerance (and ultimately an increase in the thermal efficiency of the working cycle) when adopting SVA over DVA without detrimental increases in the burn duration metrics that would ordinarily result in misfire and partial burn and a significant detriment to combustion stability.
Conversely, for equivalent levels of dilution, there was little, if any difference in fuel consumption between DVA and SVA even though burn duration metrics were significantly shorter when adopting SVA over DVA. In combination with CFD, the polytropic coefficient of compression was calculated to be lower in all cases for SVA compared to DVA for a given level of dilution. This indicated greater heat transfer when adopting SVA over DVA for equivalent trapped mass (confirmed using CFD). As such, this detrimental increased heat transfer (again confirmed with CFD) attributed to the increased in-cylinder activity with SVA offset the favourably faster combustion; thus resulting in little, if any reduction in fuel consumption for equivalent levels of dilution when implementing SVA over DVA. This was particularly pertinent at the higher engine speed and load where the significantly increased heat transfer for SVA resulted in an increase in fuel consumption for SVA over DVA for equivalent levels of dilution.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Roberts, P., Kountouriotis, A., Okroj, P., Aleiferis, P. et al., "Effects of Valve Deactivation on Thermal Efficiency in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine under Dilute Conditions," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0892, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0892.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| [Unnamed Dataset 1] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 2] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 3] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 4] |
Also In
References
- Caton, J.A., “A Comparison of Lean Operation and Exhaust Gas Recirculation: Thermodynamic Reasons for the Increases of Efficiency,” SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0266, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-0266.
- Ikeya, K., Takazawa, M., Yamada, T., Park, S., and Tagishi, R., “Thermal Efficiency Enhancement of a Gasoline Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1263, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1263.
- Alger, T., Gingrich, J., Mangold, B., and Roberts, C., “A Continuous Discharge Ignition System for EGR Limit Extension in SI Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0661, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-0661.
- Alger, T., Gingrich, J., Roberts, C., Mangold, B., and Sellnau, M., “A High-Energy Continuous Discharge Ignition System for Dilute Engine Applications,” SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1628, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-1628
- Nakata, K., Nogawa, S.H., Takahashi, D., Yoshihara, Y. et al., “Engine Technologies for Achieving 45% Thermal Efficiency of S.I. Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1896, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1896.
- Horie, K., Nishizawa, K., Ogawa, T., Akazaki, S., and Miura, K., “The Development of a High Fuel Economy and High Performance Four-Valve Lean Burn Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 920455, 1992, doi:10.4271/920455.
- He, Y., Selamet, A., Reese, R.A., Vick, K., and Amer, A.A., “Effect of Intake Primary Runner Blockages on Combustion Characteristics and Emissions with Stoichiometric and EGR-Diluted Mixtures in SI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-3992, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-3992.
- Moore, W., Foster, M., Lai, M.C., Xie, X.B. et al., “Charge Motion Benefits of Valve Deactivation to Reduce Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a GDi, VVA Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1221, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-1221.
- Kim, J.N., Kim, H.Y., Yoon, S.S., and Sa, S.D., “Effect of Intake Valve Swirl on Fuel-Gas Mixing and Subsequent Combustion in a CAI Engine,” International Journal of Automotive Technology 9(6):649-657, 2008, doi:10.1007/s12239-008-0077-7.
- Jovanovic, Z.S., Basara, B.S., Tomić, M.V., and Petrović, V.S., “Some Subtleties Concerning Fluid Flow and Turbulence Modelling in 4-Valve Engines,” Thermal Science 15(4):1065-1079, 2011, doi:10.2298/TSCI110825104J.
- Mahrous, A.F.M., Wyszynski, M.L., Xu, H., Tsolakis, A., and Qiao, J., “Effect of Intake Valves Timings on in-Cylinder Charge Characteristics in a DI Engine Cylinder with Negative Valve Overlap,” SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1347, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-1347.
- Ramasamy, D., Zainal, Z.A., Kadirgama, K., and Briggs, H.W.G., “Effect of Dissimilar Valve Lift on a Bi-Fuel CNG Engine Operation,” Energy 112:509-519, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.116.
- Stone, C.R., “Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines,” (Hampshire, England, Macmillan Press, 1992).
- Ball, J.K., Raine, R.R., and Stone, C.R., “Combustion Analysis and Cycle-by-Cycle Variations in Spark Ignition Engine Combustion - Part 1: An Evaluation of Combustion Analysis Routines by Reference to Model Data,” Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212(5):381-399, 1998, doi:10.1243/0954407981526046.
- Stone, C.R. and Green-Armytage, D.I., “Comparison of Methods for the Calculations for Mass Fraction Burnt from Engine Pressure-Time Diagrams,” Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 201(1):61-67, 1987, doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1987_201_158_02.
- Okroj, P., Ph.D Thesis, in preparation, Imperial College London, London, 2017.
- Brandt, M., Hettinger, A., Schneider, A., Senftleben, H., and Skowronek, T., “Extension of Operating Window for Modern Combustion Systems by High Performance Ignition,” International Conference on Ignition Systems for Gasoline Engines, Pages 26-51, 2016, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45505-4_2
- Justham, T., Jarvis, S., Garner, C.P., Hargrave, G.K. et al., “Single Cylinder Motored SI IC Engine Intake Runner Flow Measurement Using Time Resolved Digital Particle Velocimetry,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1043, 2006, doi:10.4271/2006-01-1043.
- Jarvis, S., Justham, T., Clarke., A, Garner, C.P., Hargrave, G.K., and Richardson, D., “Single Cylinder Motored SI IC Engine in-Cylinder Flow Measurement Using Time Resolved Digital PIV for Characterisation of Cyclic Variation,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1044, 2006, doi:10.4271/2006-01-1044
- Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P.G., Richardson, D., and Wallace, S., “Characteristics of Ethanol, Butanol, Iso-octane and Gasoline Sprays and Combustion from a Multi-hole Injector in a DISI Engine,” SAE Int. J. Fuels and Lubricants 1(1):893-909, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-1591.
- Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P.G., and Richardson, D., “An Experimental Database on the Effects of Single-and Split Injection Strategies on Spray Formation and Spark Discharge in an Optical Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with Gasoline, Iso-Octane and Alcohols,” Int. J. of Engine Res. 16(7):851-896, 2015, doi:10.1177/1468087414554936.
- Williams, B., Ewart, P., Stone, R., Ma, H., Walmsley, H., Cracknell, R., Stevens, R., Richardson, D., Qiao, J., and Wallace, S., “Multi-component Quantitative PLIF: Robust Engineering Measurements of Cyclic Variation in a Firing Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1073, 2008, DOI: 10.4271/2008-01- 1073.
- Williams, B., Ewart, P., Wang, X., Stone, R. et al., “Quantitative Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Multi-Component Fuel/Air Mixing in a Firing Gasoline-Direct-Injection Engine: Effects of Residual Exhaust Gas on Quantitative PLIF,” Combustion and Flame 157(10):1866-1878, 2010, doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.06.004.
- Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P.G., and Richardson, D., “An Analysis of the Combustion Behavior of Ethanol, Butanol, Iso-Octane, Gasoline, and Methane in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Research Engine,” Combustion Science and Technology 185(3):484-513, 2013, doi:10.1080/00102202.2012.728650.
- Kountouriotis, A., Ph.D Thesis, in preparation, Imperial College London, London, 2017.
- Jones, W.P. and Launder, B.E., “The Prediction of Laminarization with a two-Equation Model of Turbulence,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 15(2):301-314, 1972, doi:10.1016/0017-9310(72)90076-2.
- Launder, B.E. and Spalding, D.B., “The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3(2):269-289, 1974, doi:10.1016/0045-7825(74)90029-2.
- Wilcox, D.C., “Turbulence Modelling for CFD Volume 2,” (La Canada, CA, DCW Industries, 1998).
- Menter, F.R., “Zonal Two Equation k-w Turbulence Models for Aerodynamic Flows,” AIAA-93-2906, 1993, doi:10.2514/6.1993-2906.
- Yakhot, V. and Orszag, S.A., “Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic Theory,” Journal of Scientific Computing 1(1):3-51, 1986, doi:10.1007/BF01061452.
- Yakhot, V., Orszag, S.A., Thangam, S., Gatski, T.B., and Speziale, C.G., “Development of Turbulence Models for Shear Flows by a Double Expansion Technique,” Physcis of Fuilds 4(7):1510-1520, 1992, doi:10.1063/1.858424.
- Angelberger, C., Poinsot, T., and Delhay, B., “Improving near Wall Combustion and Wall Heat Transfer Modelling in SI Engine Computations,” SAE Technical Paper 972881, 1997, doi:10.4271/972881.
- Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P.G., and Richardson, D., “Imaging and Heat Flux Measurements of Wall Impinging Sprays of Hydrocarbons and Alcohols in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine,” Fuel 91(1):264-297, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.07.037.
- Marshall, S.P., Taylor, S., Stone, R., Davies, T.J., and Cracknell, R.F., “Laminar Burning Velocity Measurement of Liquid Fuels at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures with Combustion Residuals,” Combustion and Flame 158(10):1920-1932, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.02.016.