This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Analysis of a Novel Method for Low-Temperature Ammonia Production Using DEF for Mobile Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems
Technical Paper
2018-01-0333
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The worldwide introduction of new emission standards and new, more encompassing, legislating cycles have led to a need to increase both a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system’s capacity and conversion efficiency. To this end, it is important for an SCR system to operate to the extremes of its temperature range which in many systems is currently limited by the temperature at which diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) can easily decompose without the formation of deposits.
This paper analyses a new system for low-temperature ammonia provision to the SCR reaction. Ammonia Creation and Conversion Technology (ACCT) uses pressure controlled thermal decomposition of DEF followed by re-formation to form a fluid with greater volatility and the same ammonia density as DEF conforming to ISO 22241. A dosing strategy can then be employed where any combination of DEF or ACCT solution can be used to provide ammonia as a reductant over the whole activity temperature range of a catalyst.
High-speed shadowgraphy data identifies both fluids’ decomposition rates at several temperatures demonstrating ammonia production from 50 °C with rapid decomposition and full water vaporisation from 100 °C.
This study has also equipped an optically accessible hot flow, diesel exhaust simulation rig with a prototype ACCT device. The optical components allow rapid visual verification of deposit growth for bench-marking urea-based system. At a variety of exhaust temperature and mass flow conditions, the study identified a minimum deposit limited working temperature for DEF of approximately 200 °C whereas ACCT solution was shown not to form any deposits and readily generate ammonia as low as 50 °C. Further to this, gaseous species quantification using FTIR techniques has shown ammonia release in an 800 mm flow path for ACCT solution to be in excess of 80%.
The study has demonstrated the effectiveness of ACCT at extending low temperature operating limits of DEF based SCR systems thereby increasing the total possible NOx conversion.
Recommended Content
Topic
Citation
Wilson, J. and Hargrave, G., "Analysis of a Novel Method for Low-Temperature Ammonia Production Using DEF for Mobile Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0333, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0333.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 |
Also In
References
- EEA 2016 10.2800/413142
- Sullivan , J.L. , Baker , R.E. , Boyer , B.A. , Hammerle , R.H. et al. CO2 Emission Benefit of Diesel (Versus Gasoline) Powered Vehicles Environmental Science & Technology 38 12 3217 3223 2004 10.1021/es034928d
- Johnson , T. and Joshi , A. Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0907 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0907
- Trautwein , W.-P. 2005
- Trautwein , W.-P. 2003
- Yim , S.D. , Kim , S.J. , Baik , J.H. , Nam , I.S. et al. Decomposition of Urea into NH3 for the SCR Process Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43 16 4856 4863 2004 10.1021/ie034052j
- Fang , H.L. and DaCosta , H.F.M. Urea Thermolysis and NOx Reduction with and without SCR Catalysts Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 46 1 17 34 2003 10.1016/S0926-3373(03)00177-2
- Schaber , P.M. , Colson , J. , Higgins , S. , Thielen , D. et al. Thermal Decomposition (Pyrolysis) of Urea in an Open Reaction Vessel Thermochimica Acta 424 1-2 131 2004 10.1016/j.tca.2004.05.018
- Bernhard , A.M. , Peitz , D. , Elsener , M. , Wokaun , A. , and Kröcher , O. Hydrolysis and Thermolysis of Urea and its Decomposition Byproducts Biuret, Cyanuric Acid and Melamine over Anatase TiO2 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 115-116 129 137 2012 10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.12.013
- Zheng , G. , Fila , A. , Kotrba , A. , and Floyd , R. Investigation of Urea Deposits in Urea SCR Systems for Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1941 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1941
- Kamasamudram , K. , Currier , N. , Szailer , T. , and Yezerets , A. Why Cu- and Fe-Zeolite SCR Catalysts Behave Differently At Low Temperatures SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 1 2010-01-1182 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1182
- Zuo , J. , Chen , Z. , Wang , F. , Yu , Y. et al. Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over Novel Mn-Zr Mixed Oxide Catalysts Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53 7 2647 2655 2014 10.1021/ie404224y
- Zhang , S. , Zhang , B. , Liu , B. , and Sun , S. A Review of Mn-Containing Oxide Catalysts for Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3: Reaction Mechanism and Catalyst Deactivation RSC Advances 7 42 26226 26242 2017 10.1039/C7RA03387G
- Fisher , J. , and Iii , H.W.S. Europe
- Seneque , M. , Courtois , X. , Can , F. , and Duprez , D. Direct Comparison of Urea-SCR and NH3-SCR Activities Over Acidic Oxide and Exchanged Zeolite Prototype Powdered Catalysts Topics in Catalysis 59 10-12 938 944 2016 10.1007/s11244-016-0572-4
- Koebel , M. and Strutz , E.O. Thermal and Hydrolytic Decomposition of Urea for Automotive Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems: Thermochemical and Practical Aspects Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42 10 2093 2100 2003 10.1021/ie020950o
- Darde , V. , Well , W.J.M. Van , Stenby , E.H. , and Thomsen , K. 2017 10.1021/ie1009519
- Thomsen , K. and Rasmussen , P. Modeling of Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibrium in Gas-Aqueous Electrolyte Systems Chemical Engineering Science 54 1787 1802 1999
- Thomsen , K. , Rasmussen , P. , and Gani , R. Correlation and Prediction of Thermal Properties and Phase Behaviour for a Class of Aqueous Electrolyte Systems Chemical Engineering Science 51 14 3675 3683 1996
- Liang , G. and Mudawar , I. Review of Drop Impact on Heated Walls International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 103 126 2017 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.10.031
- Jung , J. , Jeong , S. , and Kim , H. Investigation of Single-Droplet/Wall Collision Heat Transfer Characteristics Using Infrared Thermometry International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 92 774 783 2016 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.09.050
- Wang , A.B. , Lin , C.H. , and Cheng , C.C. Pattern Analysis of a Single Droplet Impinging onto a Heated Plate Heat Transfer-Asian Research 34 8 579 594 2005 10.1002/htj.20089
- Dan , H.J. and Lee , J.S. Modeling and Measurement of Boiling Point Elevation during Water Vaporization from Aqueous Urea for SCR Applications Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 3 1443 1448 2016 10.1007/s12206-016-0252-0
- Gaynor , P. , Reid , B. , Hargrave , G. , Lockyer , T. , and Wilson , J. An Experimental Investigation into DEF Dosing Strategies for Heavy Duty Vehicle Applications SAE Int. J. Engines 8 3 1196 1206 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1028
- Fulks , G. , Fisher , G.B. , Rahmoeller , K. , Wu , M.-C. et al. A Review of Solid Materials as Alternative Ammonia Sources for Lean NOx Reduction with SCR SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0907 2009 10.4271/2009-01-0907
- Visser , C.W. , Frommhold , P.E. , Wildeman , S. , Mettin , R. et al. Dynamics of High-Speed Micro-Drop Impact: Numerical Simulations and Experiments at Frame-to-Frame Times below 100 Ns Soft Matter 11 9 1708 1722 2015 10.1039/C4SM02474E
- Bai , C. , and Gosman , A.D. Development of Methodology for Spray Impingement Simulation SAE Technical Paper 950283 412 1995 10.4271/950283
- Lockyer , T. , Reid , B. , Hargrave , G. , Gaynor , P. , and Wilson , J. 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1039.Copyright
- Brack , W. , Heine , B. , Birkhold , F. , Kruse , M. , and Deutschmann , O. Formation of Urea-Based Deposits in an Exhaust System: Numerical Predictions and Experimental Observations on a Hot Gas Test Bench Emission Control Science and Technology 2 3 115 123 2016 10.1007/s40825-016-0042-2
- Strots , V.O. , Santhanam , S. , Adelman , B.J. , Griffin , G.a. , and Derybowski , E.M. Deposit Formation in Urea-SCR Systems SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2 2 283 289 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2780