This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A Knock Model for 1D Simulations Accounting for Cyclic Dispersion Phenomena
Technical Paper
2014-01-2554
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Control of knock phenomenon is becoming more and more important in modern SI engine, due to the tendency to develop high boosted turbocharged engines (downsizing). To this aim, improved modeling and experimental techniques are required to precisely define the maximum allowable spark advance.
On the experimental side, the knock limit is identified based on some indices derived by the analysis of the in-cylinder pressure traces or of the cylinder block vibrations. The threshold levels of the knock indices are usually defined following an heuristic approach.
On the modeling side, in the 1D codes, the knock is usually described by simple correlation of the auto-ignition time of the unburned gas zone within the cylinders. In addition, the latter methodology commonly refers to ensemble-averaged pressure cycles and, for this reason, does not take into account the cycle-by-cycle variations.
In this work, an experimental activity is carried out to characterize the effects of cyclic dispersion on knock phenomena for different engine speeds, at full load operations and referring to a spark advance of borderline knock. In each case, a train of 200 consecutive in-cylinder pressure traces is processed and the knocking cycles are identified through a standard FFT analysis, compared to an auto-regressive (AR) technique. The latter, proved to be more sensitive, is utilized to define the percentage of knocking cycles occurring in each operating condition, through the assignment of a proper threshold level.
Then, a 1D model is set up to reproduce the above experimental pressure traces in terms of average IMEP and cycle-by-cycle variation. A kinetic sub-model is used to compute the heat released in the end-gas zone to be related to the knock occurrence. A new knock index is defined for each simulated cycle and its distribution is compared with the AR model outcomes. The above comparison proves a substantial congruence between the AR model-based knock detection methodology and the numerical one.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Bozza, F., De Bellis, V., and Siano, D., "A Knock Model for 1D Simulations Accounting for Cyclic Dispersion Phenomena," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2554, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2554.Also In
References
- Galloni E. Analyses about parameters that affect cyclic variation in a spark ignition engine Applied Thermal Engineering 29 1131 1137 2009
- Stone , C. , Brown , A. , and Beckwith , P. Cycle-by-Cycle Variations in Spark Ignition Engine Combustion - Part II: Modelling of Flame Kernel Displacements as a Cause of Cycle-by-Cycle Variations SAE Technical Paper 960613 1996 10.4271/960613
- Holmström , K. and Denbratt , I. Cyclic Variation in an SI Engine Due to the Random Motion of the Flame Kernel SAE Technical Paper 961152 1996 10.4271/961152
- Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals McGraw-Hill Inc. New York 1988
- Hudson , C. , Gao , X. , Stone , R. Knock measurement for fuel evaluation in spark ignition engines Fuel Journal 80 2001 395 407
- Millo , F. and Ferraro , C. Knock in S.I. Engines: A Comparison between Different Techniques for Detection and Control SAE Technical Paper 982477 1998 10.4271/982477
- Cavina , N. , Sgatti , S. , Cavanna , F. , and Bisanti , G. Combustion Monitoring Based on Engine Acoustic Emission Signal Processing SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1024 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1024
- Elmqvist , C. , Lindström , F. , Ångström , H. , Grandin , B. et al. Optimizing Engine Concepts by Using a Simple Model for Knock Prediction SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3123 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3123
- Brecq G. , Bellettre J. , Tazerout M. A New Indicator for Knock Detection in Gas SI Engines International Journal of Thermal Sciences 42 523 532
- Leppard , W. Individual-Cylinder Knock Occurence and Intensity in Multicylinder Engines SAE Technical Paper 820074 1982 10.4271/820074
- Puzinauskas , P. Examination of Methods Used to Characterize Engine Knock SAE Technical Paper 920808 1992 10.4271/920808
- Corti , E. and Moro , D. Knock Indexes Thresholds Setting Methodology SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1508 2007 10.4271/2007-01-1508
- Forte C. , Corti E. , Bianchi G.M. Combined Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Knock in Spark Ignition Engine Proceedings of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, 2009 Fall Technical Conference ICEF09, ICEF2009-14102 2009
- Fontanesi , S. , Paltrinieri , S. , and Cantore , G. LES Analysis of Cyclic Variability in a GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1148 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1148
- Fontanesi , S. , D'Adamo , A. , Paltrinieri , S. , Cantore , G. et al. Assessment of the Potential of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for the Analysis of Combustion CCV and Knock Tendency in a High Performance Engine SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0031 2013 10.4271/2013-24-0031
- Pera , C. , Richard , S. , and Angelberger , C. Exploitation of Multi-Cycle Engine LES to Introduce Physical Perturbations in 1D Engine Models for Reproducing CCV SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0127 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0127
- Millo , F. , Rolando , L. , Pautasso , E. , and Servetto , E. A Methodology to Mimic Cycle to Cycle Variations and to Predict Knock Occurrence through Numerical Simulation SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1070 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1070
- Sjeric , M. , Kozarac , D. , and Taritas , I. Experimentally Supported Modeling of Cycle-to-Cycle Variations of SI Engine Using Cycle-Simulation Model SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1069 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1069
- Livengood , J. C. and Wu , P. C. Correlation of Autoignition Phenomenon in Internal Combustion Engines and Rapid Compression Machines Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion 347 356 1955
- Douaud , A. and Eyzat , P. Four-Octane-Number Method for Predicting the Anti-Knock Behavior of Fuels and Engines SAE Technical Paper 780080 1978 10.4271/780080
- Siano , D. and Bozza , F. Knock Detection in a Turbocharged S.I. Engine Based on ARMA Technique and Chemical Kinetics SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2510 2013 10.4271/2013-01-2510
- Bozza , F. , Fontana , G. , Galloni , E. , and Torella , E. 3D-1D Analyses of the Turbulent Flow Field, Burning Speed and Knock Occurrence in a Turbocharged SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2007-24-0029 2007 10.4271/2007-24-0029
- Bozza , F. , Gimelli , A. , Merola , S. , and Vaglieco , B. Validation of a Fractal Combustion Model through Flame Imaging SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1120 2005 10.4271/2005-01-1120
- Chatfield , C. 2004 The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction 6th Boca Raton, FL Chapman & Hall/CRC
- Akaike , H. A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification IEEE Transactions on automatic control AC-19 6 716 723 December 1974
- Spelina , J. M. , Peyton Jones , J.C. , Frey , J. Characterization of knock intensity distributions: Part 1: statistical independence and scalar measures Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 10.1177/0954407013496233 August 2013
- Siano , D. , Panza , M. , and D'Agostino , D. Knock Detection Based on MAPO Analysis, AR Model and Discrete Wavelet Transform Applied to the In-Cylinder Pressure Data: Results and Comparison SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2547 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2547
- Naber , J.D. , Szwaja , S. Statistical approach to characterize combustion knock in the hydrogen fuelled SI engine J Kones - Powertrain Transport 14 3 443 450 2007
- Bozza , F. , Gimelli , A. , Siano , D. , Torella , E. et al. A Quasi-Dimensional Three-Zone Model for Performance and Combustion Noise Evaluation of a Twin-Spark High-EGR Engine SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0619 2004 10.4271/2004-01-0619
- De Bellis , V. , Severi , E. , Fontanesi , S. , Bozza , F. Hierarchical 1D/3D Approach for the Development of a Turbulent Combustion Model applied to a VVA Turbocharged Engine. Part II: Combustion Model Energy Procedia 45 1027 1036 2014 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.108
- De Bellis , V. , Severi , E. , Fontanesi , S. , Bozza , F. Hierarchical 1D/3D Approach for the Development of a Turbulent Combustion Model applied to a VVA Turbocharged Engine. Part I: Turbulence Model Energy Procedia 45 829 838 2014 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.088
- Hu , H. and Keck , J. Autoignition of Adiabatically Compressed Combustible Gas Mixtures SAE Technical Paper 872110 1987 10.4271/872110
- Keck J. , Hu H. Explosions of Adiabatically Compressed Gases in a Constant Volume Bomb 21 st International Symposium on Combustion The Combustion Institute 521 529 1986
- Tanaka S. , Ayala F. , Keck J. A Reduced Chemical Kinetic Model for HCCI Combustion of Primary Reference Fuels Combustion & Flame 132 219 239 2003
- Bozza , F. , De Bellis , V. , Gimelli , A. , and Muccillo , M. Strategies for Improving Fuel Consumption at Part-Load in a Downsized Turbocharged SI Engine: a Comparative Study SAE Int. J. Engines 7 1 60 71 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1064