This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Driver Kinematic and Muscle Responses in Braking Events with Standard and Reversible Pre-tensioned Restraints: Validation Data for Human Models
Technical Paper
2013-22-0001
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to generate validation data for human models intended for simulation of occupant kinematics in a pre-crash phase, and to evaluate the effect of an integrated safety system on driver kinematics and muscle responses. Eleven male and nine female volunteers, driving a passenger car on ordinary roads, performed maximum voluntary braking; they were also subjected to autonomous braking events with both standard and reversible pre-tensioned restraints. Kinematic data was acquired through film analysis, and surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally for muscles in the neck, the upper extremities, and lumbar region. Maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) were carried out in a driving posture for normalization of the EMG. Seat belt positions, interaction forces, and seat indentions were measured.
During normal driving, all muscle activity was below 5% of MVC for females and 9% for males. The range of activity during steady state braking for males and females was 13-44% in the cervical and lumbar extensors, while antagonistic muscles showed a co-contraction of 2.3-19%. Seat belt pre-tension affects both the kinematic and muscle responses of drivers. In autonomous braking with standard restraints, muscle activation occurred in response to the inertial load. With pre-tensioned seat belts, EMG onset occurred earlier; between 71 ms and 176 ms after belt pre-tension. The EMG onset times decreased with repeated trials and were shorter for females than for males. With the results from this study, further improvement and validation of human models that incorporate active musculature will be made possible.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | Fuji Prescale-A Picture of Pressure |
Technical Paper | Pressure Analysis for Computer Simulation |
Technical Paper | Using Human Body Models to Assess Knee Ligament Injury in Knee Hyperextension |
Authors
Citation
Östh, J., Ólafsdóttir, J., Davidsson, J., and Brolin, K., "Driver Kinematic and Muscle Responses in Braking Events with Standard and Reversible Pre-tensioned Restraints: Validation Data for Human Models," SAE Technical Paper 2013-22-0001, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-22-0001.Also In
References
- Arbogast , K.B. , Balasubramanian , S. , Seacrist , T. , Maltese , M.R. , García-España , J.F. , Hopely , T. , Constans , E. , Lopez-Valdes , F.K. , Kent , R.W. , Tanji , H. , and Higuchi , K. 2009 Comparison of kinematic responses of the head and spine for children and adults in low-speed frontal sled tests Stapp Car Crash Journal 53 329 372
- Askew , L.J. , An , K.N. , Morrey , B.F. , and Chao , E.Y. 1987 Isometric elbow strength in normal individuals Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 222 261 266
- Bae , T.S. , Loan , P. , Choi , K. , Hong , D. , and Seong Mun , M. 2010 Estimation of muscle reponse using three-dimensional musculoskeletal models before impact situation: A simulation study Journal of Biomechnical Engineering 132 121011-1 6
- Beeman , S.M. , Kemper , A.R. , Madigan , M.L. , and Duma , S.M. 2011 Effects of bracing on human kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests Annals of Biomedical Engineering 39 12 2998 3010
- Begeman , P.C. , King , A.I. , Levine , R.S. , and Viano , D.C. 1980 Biodynamic response of the musculoskeletal system to impact acceleration Proc. 24 th Stapp Car Crash Conference 479 509 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Behr , M. , Poumarat , G. , Serre , T. , Arnoux , P.-J. , Thollon , L. , and Brunet , C. 2010 Posture and muscular behavior in emergency braking: An experimental approach Accident Analysis and Prevention 42 797 801
- Beier , G. , Schuller , E. , Schuck , M. , Ewing , C.L. , Becker , E.D. , and Thomas , D.J. 1980 Center of gravity and moments of inertia of human heads Proc. IRCOBI Conference 218 228 Birmingham, England
- Berenson , M.L. , Levine , D.M. , Krehbiel , T.C. 2006 Basic Business Statistics - Concepts and Applications 10 th Pearson Education New Jersey, NJ
- Blouin , J.-S. , Descarreaux , M. , Bélanger-Gravel , A. , Simoneau , M. , and Teasdale , N. 2003 Attenuation of human neck muscle activity following repeated imposed trunk-forward linear acceleration Experimental Brain Research 150 458 464
- Brault , J.R. , Siegmund , G.P. , and Wheeler , J.B. 2000 Cervical muscle response during whiplash: Evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction Clinical Biomechanics 15 426 435
- Carlsson , S. and Davidsson , J. 2011 Volunteer occupant kinematics during driver initiated and autonomous braking when driving in real traffic environments Proc. IRCOBI Conference 125 136 Krakow, Poland
- Cram , J.R. , Kasman , G.S. , and Holtz , J. 1998 Introduction to surface electromyography Aspen Publishers Inc. Gaithersburg, MD
- Ejima , S. , Ono , K. , Holcombe , S. , Kaneoka , K. , and Fukushima , M. 2007 A study on occupant kinematics behaviour and muscle activities during pre-impact braking based on volunteer tests Proc. IRCOBI Conference 31 45 Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Ejima , S. , Zama , Y. , Ono , K. , Kaneoka , K. , Shiina , I. , and Asada , H. 2009 Prediction of pre-impact occupant kinematic behavior based on the muscle activity during frontal collision Proc. 21 st ESV Conference Stuttgart, Germany
- Ejima , S. , Zama , Y. , Satou , F. , Holcombe , S. , Ono , K. , Kaneoka , K. , and Shiina , I. 2008 Prediction of the physical motion of the human body based on muscle activity during pre-impact braking Proc. IRCOBI Conference 163 175 Bern, Switzerland
- Falla , D. , Dall'Alba , P. , Rainoldi , A. , Merletti , R. , and Jull , G. Location of innervation zones of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles - a basis for clinical and research electromyography applications Clinical Neurophysiology 113 1 57 63
- Foust , D.R. , Chaffin , D.B. , Snyder , R.G. , and Baum , J.K. 1973 Cervical range of motion and dynamic response and strength of cervical muscles Proc. 17 th Stapp Car Crash Conference 285 308 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Håland , Y. 2006 The evolution of the three point seat belt from yesterday to tomorrow Proc. IRCOBI Conference 3 15 Madrid, Spain
- Happee , R 1992 The control of shoulder muscles during goal directed movements PhD Thesis Delft Technical University the Netherlands
- Happee , R. , Hoofman , M. , van den Kroonenberg , A.J. , Morsink , P. , and Wismans , J. 1998 A mathematical human body model for frontal and rearward seated automotive impact loading Proc. 42 nd Stapp Car Crash Conference Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Hault-Dubrulle , A. , Robach , F. , Pacaux , M-P. , and Morvan , H. 2011 Determination of pre-impact occupant postures and analysis of consequences on injury outcome. Part I: A driving simulator study Accident Analysis and Prevention 43 66 74
- Hendler , E. , O'Rourke , J. , Schulman , M. , Katzeff , M. , Domzalski , L. , and Rodgers , S. 1974 Effect of head and body position and muscular tensing on response to impact Proc. 18 th Stapp Car Crash Conference 303 337 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Hetier , M. , and Wang , X. 2005 Experimental investigation and modeling of driver's frontal pre-crash postural anticipation Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA SAE Paper No. 2005-01-2684
- Hughes , R.E. , Johnson , M. , O'Driscoll , S.W. , An , K.N. 1999 Age-related changes in normal isometric shoulder strength The American Journal of Sports Medicine 27 5 651 657
- ISO 2011 Road vehicles - Vehicle dynamics and road-holding ability - Vocabulary International Standard Organisation Geneva, Switzerland
- Iwamoto , M. , Kisanuki , Y. , Watanabe , I. , Furusu , K. , and Miki , K. 2002 Development of a finite element model of the Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction Proc. IRCOBI Conference Munich, Germany
- Iwamoto , M. , Nakahira , Y. , Kimpara , H. , and Sugiyama , T. 2012 Development of a human body finite element model with multiple muscles and their controller for estimating occupant motions and impact responses in frontal crash situations Stapp Car Crash Journal 56 231 268
- Iwamoto , M. , Nakahira , Y. , and Sugiyama , T. 2011 Investigation of pre-impact bracing effects for injury outcome using an active human FE model with 3D muscle geometry of muscles Proc. 21 st ESV Conference Washington D.C, USA
- Joines , S. , Sommerich , C. , Mirka , G. , Wilson , J. , and Moon , S. 2006 Low-level exertion of the neck musculature: A study of research methods Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 16 485 497
- Kim , T. , Shin , J. , Ye , X. , Crandall , J. , Knospe , C. , and Funk , J. 2012 Evaluation of methods for the development of representative responses and corridors from biomechanical data using mechanical models Proc. International Crashworthiness Conference Milan, Italy
- Magnusson , M.L. , Pope , M.H. , Hasselquist , L. , Bolte , K.M. , Ross , M. , Goel , V.K. , Lee , J.S. , Spratt , K. , Clark , C.R. , and Wilder , D.G. 1999 Cervical electromyographic activity during low-speed rear impact European Spine Journal 8 118 125
- McConville , J.T. , Churchill , T.D. , Kaleps , I. , Clauser , C.E. , and Cuzzi , J. 1980 Anthropometric relationships of body and body segment moments of inertia Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories Technical Report AFAMRL-TR-80-119
- McNeill , T. , Warwick , D. , Andersson , G. , and Schultz , A. 1980 Trunk strengths in attempted flexion, extension, and lateral bending in healthy subjects and patients with low-back disorders Spine 5 6 529 538
- Meijer , R. , van Hassel , E. , Broos , J. , Elrofai , H. , van Rooij , L. , and van Hooijdonk , P. 2012 Development of a multi-body human model that predicts active and passive human behaviour Proc. IRCOBI Conference 622 627 Dublin, Ireland
- Östh , J. , Brolin , K. , Carlsson , S. , Davidsson , J. , and Wismans , J. 2012 The occupant response to autonomous braking: A modeling approach that accounts for active musculature Traffic Injury Prevention 13 265 277
- SAE 2003 Instrumentation for impact test-Part 1-Electronic instrumentation Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Schneider , L.W. , Robbins , D.H. , Pflug , M.A. , and Snyder , R.G. 1983 Development of anthropometrically based design specifications for an advanced adult anthropomorphic dummy family 1 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report No. UMTR 1-83-53-1 Washington, D.C.
- Schöneburg , R. , Baumann , K-H. , and Fehring , M. 2011 The efficiency of PRE-SAFE ® systems in pre-braked frontal collision situations Proc. 22 nd ESV Conference Washington DC, USA
- SENIAM 2012 Sensor location http://www.seniam.org/ Jan. 15 2012
- Siegmund , G.P. , Sanderson , D.J. , and Inglis , J.T. 2004 Gradation of neck muscle responses and head/neck kinematics to acceleration and speed change in rear-end collisions Stapp Car Crash Journal 48 419 430
- Siegmund , G.P. , Sanderson , D.J. , Myers , B.S. , and Inglis J.T. 2003a Awareness affects the response of human subjects exposed to a single whiplash-like perturbation Spine 28 7 671 679
- Siegmund , G.P. , Sanderson , D.J. , Myers , B.S. , and Inglis , J.T. 2003b Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplash-like perturbations Journal of Biomechanics 36 473 482
- Solnik , S. , Rider , P. , Steinweg , K. , DeVita , P. , and Hortobágyi , T. 2010 Teager-Kaiser energy operator signal conditioning improves EMG onset detection European Journal of Applied Physiolgy 110 489 498
- Strandroth , J. , Rizzi , M. , Kullgren , A. , and Tingvall , C. 2012 Head-on collisions between passenger cars and heavy goods vehicles: Injury risk functions and benefits of autonomous emergency braking Proc. IRCOBI Conference 342 351 Dublin, Ireland
- Szabo , T.J. and Welcher , J.B. 1996 Human subject kinematics and electromyographic activity during low speed rear impacts Proc. 40 th Stapp Car Crash Conference 295 315 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Vasavada , A.N. , Li , S. , and Delp , S.L. 2001 Three-dimensional isometric strength of neck muscles in humans Spine 26 17 1904 1909
- de Vlugt , E. , Schouten , A.C. , van der Helm , F.C.T. 2006 Quantification of intrinsic and reflexive properties during multijoint arm posture Journal of Neuroscience Methods 155 328 349
- Walker , L.B. , Harris E.H. , and Pontius , U.R. 1973 Mass, volume, center of mass, and mass moment of inertia of head and head and neck of human body Proc. 17 th Stapp Car Crash Conference 525 537 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Yeomans , J.S. , Li , L. , Scott , B.W. , and Frankland , P.W. 2002 Tactile, acoustic and vestibular systems sum to elicit the startle reflex Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews 26 1 11
- Yoganandan , N. , Pintar , F. , Zhang , J. , Baisden , J.L. 2009 Physical properties of the human head: mass, center of gravity, and moment of inertia Journal of Biomechanics 42 9 1177 1192