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Fuel Effects Study with In-Use Two-Stroke Motorcycles and All-Terrain-Vehicles
Technical Paper
2013-01-2518
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
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English
Abstract
This paper covers work performed for the California Air Resources Board and US Environmental Protection Agency by Southwest Research Institute. Emission measurements were made on four in-use off-road two-stroke motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles utilizing oxygenated and non-oxygenated fuels. Emission data was produced to augment ARB and EPA's off-road emission inventory. It was intended that this program provide ARB and EPA with emission test results they require for atmospheric modeling.
The paper describes the equipment and engines tested, test procedures, emissions sampling methodologies, and emissions analytical techniques. Fuels used in the study are described, along with the emissions characterization results. The fuel effects on exhaust emissions and operation due to ethanol content and fuel components is compared.
The emission changes observed when fuel was switched between 0% and10 % ethanol were a reduction in total hydrocarbon and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions by 3 to 24%, carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by 3 to 26%, and particulate matter emissions were reduced by 4 to 29%. Conversely, oxides of nitrogen emissions increased by 14 to 58%, and aldehyde emissions increased with oxygenated fuels. Fuel economy tended to decrease with the use of 10% ethanol fuels.
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Carroll, J., Caffrey, C., and Peterson, A., "Fuel Effects Study with In-Use Two-Stroke Motorcycles and All-Terrain-Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2518, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2518.Also In
References
- Carroll , J.N , Timmons , S. A. Ethanol Evaluation of Nonroad Engines Final Report prepared for Work Assignments 1-07, 2-07 and 3-07 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency December 2010
- Carroll , J.N. Off-Road Equipment Emissions Testing Program Final Report prepared for California Air Resources Board May 2013
- RVP nominally stands for Reid Vapor Pressure, a corrected RVP it is also used in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 80.46(c) for calculating vapor pressure for emission test fuels using method D5191. RVP in this paper is the corrected D5191 value
- Chow J.C. ; Watson , J.G. ; Crow , D. ; Lowenthal , D.H. ; Merrifield , T. M Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements Aerosol Science Technology 2001 34 23 34
- Peterson , M. R. , Richards , M. H. Thermal-optical transmittance analysis for organic, elemental, carbonate, total carbon, and OCX2 in PM 2.5 by the EPA/NIOSH method Proceedings, Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology Air & Waste Management Association Pittsburgh, PA 83-1 83-19 2002
- Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix I
- Hare , C.T. , Carroll , J.N. Reactivity of Exhaust Emissions From a Small Two-Stroke Engine and a Small Four-Stroke Engine Operating on Gasoline and LPG SETC Pisa, Italy December 1 1993