This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.

Post Injections for Soot Reduction in Diesel Engines: A Review of Current Understanding

Journal Article
2013-01-0917
ISSN: 1946-3936, e-ISSN: 1946-3944
Published April 08, 2013 by SAE International in United States
Post Injections for Soot Reduction in Diesel Engines: A Review of Current Understanding
Sector:
Citation: O'Connor, J. and Musculus, M., "Post Injections for Soot Reduction in Diesel Engines: A Review of Current Understanding," SAE Int. J. Engines 6(1):400-421, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0917.
Language: English

References

  1. Higgins , B. and Siebers , D. Measurement of the Flame Lift-Off Location on DI Diesel Sprays Using OH Chemiluminescence SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0918 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0918
  2. Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of 18 June 2009 E. Parliament 2009
  3. United States Federal Register 76 179 2011
  4. Hiranuma , S. , Takeda , Y. , Kawatani , T. , Doumeki , R. et al. Development of DPF System for Commercial Vehicle - Basic Characteristic and Active Regenerating Performance SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3182 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3182
  5. Salvat , O. , Marez , P. , and Belot , G. Passenger Car Serial Application of a Particulate Filter System on a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0473 2000 10.4271/2000-01-0473
  6. Parks , J. , Huff , S. , Kass , M. , and Storey , J. Characterization of In-Cylinder Techniques for Thermal Management of Diesel Aftertreatment SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-3997 2007 10.4271/2007-01-3997
  7. Chartier , C. , Andersson , O. , Johansson , B. , Musculus , M. et al. Effects of Post-Injection Strategies on Near-Injector Over-Lean Mixtures and Unburned Hydrocarbon Emission in a Heavy-Duty Optical Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1978 1992 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1383
  8. O'Connor , J. and Musculus , M. Optical Investigation of the Reduction of UHC Emissions using Close-Coupled Post Injections at LTC Conditions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 6 1 379 399 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0910
  9. Majewski , W. and Khair , M. Diesel Emissions and Their Control Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, PA 978-0-7680-0674-2 2006 10.4271/R-303
  10. Nehmer , D. and Reitz , R. Measurement of the Effect of Injection Rate and Split Injections on Diesel Engine Soot and NOx Emissions SAE Technical Paper 940668 1994 10.4271/940668
  11. Coldren , D. , Schuricht , S. , and Smith , R. Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector with Rate Shaping Capability SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1384 2003 10.4271/2003-01-1384
  12. Schoppe D , Zulch S , Hardy M , Geurts D , Jorach R , Baker N Common rail system with direct acting injector MTZ 10 69 2008
  13. Dietsche K-H and Crepin J Diesel engine management 4th edition Bauer H. SAE International Stuttgart Germany 2006
  14. Greeves , G. , Tullis , S. , and Barker , B. Advanced Two-Actuator EUI and Emission Reduction for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0698 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0698
  15. Bobba , M. , Musculus , M. , and Neel , W. Effect of Post Injections on In-Cylinder and Exhaust Soot for Low-Temperature Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 496 516 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0612
  16. Vanegas , A. , Won , H. , Felsch , C. , Gauding , M. et al. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Multiple Injections on Pollutant Formation in a Common-Rail DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1191 2008 10.4271/2008-01-1191
  17. Mendez , S. and Thirouard , B. Using Multiple Injection Strategies in Diesel Combustion: Potential to Improve Emissions, Noise and Fuel Economy Trade-Off in Low CR Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1 1 662 674 2009 10.4271/2008-01-1329
  18. Zhang , Y. and Nishida , K. Vapor/Liquid Behaviors in Split-Injection D.I. Diesel Sprays in a 2-D Model Combustion Chamber SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1837 2003 10.4271/2003-01-1837
  19. Hotta , Y. , Inayoshi , M. , Nakakita , K. , Fujiwara , K. et al. Achieving Lower Exhaust Emissions and Better Performance in an HSDI Diesel Engine with Multiple Injection SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0928 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0928
  20. Chen , S. Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions by Using Multiple Injections in a Small Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-3084 2000 10.4271/2000-01-3084
  21. Montgomery , D. and Reitz , R. Effects of Multiple Injections and Flexible Control of Boost and EGR on Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0195 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0195
  22. Yun H , Sun Y , Reitz R D An experimental and numerical investigation on the effect of post injection strategies on combustion and emissions in the low-temperature diesel combustion regime ICES2005-1043, ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division 2005 Spring Technical Conference Chicago IL 2005
  23. Yun H and Reitz R D An experimental investigation on the effect of post-injection strategies on combustion and emissions in the low-temperature diesel combustion regime J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power 129 279 286 2007
  24. Tow , T. , Pierpont , D. , and Reitz , R. Reducing Particulate and NOx Emissions by Using Multiple Injections in a Heavy Duty D.I. Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 940897 1994 10.4271/940897
  25. Pierpont , D. , Montgomery , D. , and Reitz , R. Reducing Particulate and NOx Using Multiple Injections and EGR in a D.I. Diesel SAE Technical Paper 950217 1995 10.4271/950217
  26. Ehleskog , R. and Ochoterena , R. Soot Evolution in Multiple Injection Diesel Flames SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-2470 2008 10.4271/2008-01-2470
  27. Dronniou , N. , Lejeune , M. , Balloul , I. , and Higelin , P. Combination of High EGR Rates and Multiple Injection Strategies to Reduce Pollutant Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3726 2005 10.4271/2005-01-3726
  28. Barro C , Tschanz F , Obrecht P , Boulouchos K Influence of post-injection parameters on soot formation and oxidation in a common-rail-diesel engine using multicolor-pyrometry ICEF2012-92075, ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference Vancouver BC 2012
  29. Sperl , A. The Influence of Post-Injection Strategies on the Emissions of Soot and Particulate Matter in Heavy Duty Euro V Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-36-0350 2011 10.4271/2011-36-0350
  30. Konno , M. , Chikahisa , T. , and Murayama , T. Reduction of Smoke and NOx by Strong Turbulence Generated During the Combustion Process in D.I. Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 920467 1992 10.4271/920467
  31. Bakenhus , M. and Reitz , R. Two-Color Combustion Visualization of Single and Split Injections in a Single-Cylinder Heavy-Duty D.I. Diesel Engine Using an Endoscope-Based Imaging System SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1112 1999 10.4271/1999-01-1112
  32. Badami M , Mallamo F , Millo F , Rossi E Experimental investigation on the effect of multiple injection strategies on emissions, noise and brake specific fuel consumption of an automotive direct injection common-rail diesel engine Int. J. Eng. Res. 4 4 299 314 2003
  33. Benajes , J. , Molina , S. , and García , J. Influence of Pre-and Post-Injection on the Performance and Pollutant Emissions in a HD Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0526 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0526
  34. Payri , F. , Benajes , J. , Pastor , J. , and Molina , S. Influence of the Post-Injection Pattern on Performance, Soot and NOx Emissions in a HD Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0502 2002 10.4271/2002-01-0502
  35. Helmantel A , Somhorst J , Denbratt I Visualization of the effects of post injection and swirl on the combustion process of a passenger car common rail DI diesel engine ICES2003-622, Spring Technical Conference of ASME ICE Division Salzberg Austria 2003
  36. Mancaruso E , Merola S , Vaglieco B Study of the multi-injection combustion process in a transparent direct injection common rail diesel engine by means of optical techniques Int. J. Eng. Res. 9 6 483 498 2008
  37. Bobba , M. , Genzale , C. , and Musculus , M. Effect of Ignition Delay on In-Cylinder Soot Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Operating at Low Temperature Conditions SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 911 924 2009 10.4271/2009-01-0946
  38. Han , Z. , Uludogan , A. , Hampson , G. , and Reitz , R. Mechanism of Soot and NOx Emission Reduction Using Multiple-injection in a Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 960633 1996 10.4271/960633
  39. Molina , S. , Desantes , J. , Garcia , A. , and Pastor , J. A Numerical Investigation on Combustion Characteristics with the use of Post Injection in DI Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1260 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1260
  40. Desantes , J. , Arrègle , J. , López , J. , and García , A. A Comprehensive Study of Diesel Combustion and Emissions with Post-injection SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0915 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0915
  41. Beatrice C , Belardini P , Bertoli C , Lisbona M , Rossi Sebastiano G Diesel combustion control in common rail engines by new injection strategies Int. J. Eng. Res. 3 1 23 36 2002
  42. Arrègle J , Pastor J V , López J J , García A Insights on post-injection-associated soot emissions in direct injection diesel engines Combustion and Flame 154 3 448 461 2008
  43. Dec , J. A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging SAE Technical Paper 970873 1997 10.4271/970873
  44. Anselmi , P. , Kashdan , J. , Bression , G. , Ferrero-Lesur , E. et al. Improving Emissions, Noise and Fuel Economy Trade-Off by using Multiple Injection Strategies in Diesel Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Mode SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2162 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2162
  45. Desantes J M , Bermúdez V , García A , Linares W G A comprehensive study of particle size distributions with the use of post injection strategies in DI diesel engines Aerosol Sci. Tech. 45 10 1161 1175 2011
  46. Tree D R and Svensson K I Soot processes in compression ignition engines Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 33 3 272 309 2007
  47. Haynes B and Wagner H G Soot formation Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 7 4 229 273 1981
  48. Glassman I Soot formation in combustion processes Proc. Combust. Inst. 22 1 317 378 1989
  49. Wang H Formation of nascent soot and other condensed-phase materials in flames Proc. Combust. Inst. 33 1 41 67 2011
  50. Homann K Carbon formation in premixed flames Combust. Flame 11 4 265 287 1967
  51. Richter H and Howard J Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot-a review of chemical reaction pathways Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 26 4 565 608 2000
  52. Miller J A and Melius C F Kinetic and thermodynamic issues in the formation of aromatic compounds in flames of aliphatic fuels Combust. Flame 91 1 21 39 1992
  53. Bartok W and Sarofim A F Fossil fuel combustion John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York NY 1990
  54. Fenimore C P and Jones G W Oxidation of soot by hydroxyl radicals J. Phys. Chem. 71 3 593 597 1967
  55. Garo A , Lahaye J , Prado G Mechanisms of formation and destruction of soot particles in a laminar methane-air diffusion flame Proc. Combust. Inst. 21 1 1023 1031 1988
  56. Neoh K G , Howard J B , Sarofim A F Effect of oxidation on the physical structure of soot Proc. Combust. Inst. 20 1 951 957 1985
  57. Echavarria C A , Jaramillo I C , Sarofim A F , Lighty J S Burnout of soot particles in a two-stage burner with a JP-8 surrogate fuel Combust. Flame 159 7 2441 2448 2012
  58. Echavarria C A , Jaramillo I C , Sarofim A F , Lighty J S Studies of soot oxidation and fragmentation in a two-stage burner under fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions Proc. Combust. Inst. 33 1 659 666 2011
  59. Kennedy I M Models of soot formation and oxidation Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 23 2 95 132 1997
  60. Frenklach M , Clary D W , Gardiner W C Jr. , Stein S E Detailed kinetic modeling of soot formation in shock-tube pyrolysis of acetylene Proc. Combust. Inst. 20 1 887 901 1985
  61. Frenklach M and Wang H Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth Proc. Combust. Inst. 23 1 1559 1566 1991
  62. Frenklach M and Wang H Detailed mechanism and modeling of soot particle formation Springer Series in Chemical Physics 59 162 162 1994
  63. Kitamura T , Ito T , Senda J , Fujimoto H Mechanism of smokeless diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels based on the dependence of the equivalence ration and temperature on soot particle formation Int. J. Eng. Res. 3 4 223 248 2002
  64. Pickett L and Siebers D Soot formation in diesel fuel jets near the lift-off length Int. J. Eng. Res. 7 2 103 130 2006
  65. Pickett L M and Siebers D L Soot in diesel fuel jets: effects of ambient temperature, ambient density, and injection pressure Combust. Flame 138 1 114 135 2004
  66. Dec , J. and Kelly-Zion , P. The Effects of Injection Timing and Diluent Addition on Late-Combustion Soot Burnout in a DI Diesel Engine Based on Simultaneous 2-D Imaging of OH and Soot SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0238 2000 10.4271/2000-01-0238
  67. Miles P C Turbulent flow structure in direct-injection, swirl-supported diesel engines flow and combustion in reciprocating engines Flow and combustion in reciprocating engines Arcoumanis C. and Kamimoto T. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg Germany 2009
  68. Dembinski , H. and Angstrom , H. Optical Study of Swirl during Combustion in a CI Engine with Different Injection Pressures and Swirl Ratios Compared with Calculations SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0682 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0682
  69. Atzler , F. , Kastner , O. , Rotondi , R. , and Weigand , A. Multiple Injection and Rate Shaping Part 1: Emissions Reduction in Passenger Car Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2009-24-0004 2009 10.4271/2009-24-0004
  70. Atzler , F. , Kastner , O. , Rotondi , R. , and Weigand , A. Multiple injection and rate shaping Part 2: Emissions Reduction in Passenger Car Diesel Engines Computational Investigation SAE Technical Paper 2009-24-0012 2009 10.4271/2009-24-0012
  71. Directive 1999/96/EC O.J.o.t.E. Communities 1999
  72. EEC Directive 90/C81/01 O.J.o.t.E. Communities 1990
  73. Shayler , P. , Brooks , T. , Pugh , G. , and Gambrill , R. The Influence of Pilot and Split-Main Injection Parameters on Diesel Emissions and Fuel Consumption SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0375 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0375
  74. Parrish , S. , Zhang , G. , and Zink , R. Liquid and Vapor Envelopes of Sprays from a Multi-Hole Fuel Injector Operating under Closely-Spaced Double-Injection Conditions SAE Int. J. Engines 5 2 400 414 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0462
  75. Babu , A. and Devaradjane , G. Control of Diesel Engine Pollutants by Split Injection Method using Muitizone Model SAE Technical Paper 2001-28-0007 2001 10.4271/2001-28-0007
  76. Bower , G. and Foster , D. The Effect of Split Injection on Fuel Distribution in an Engine-Fed Combustion Chamber SAE Technical Paper 930864 1993 10.4271/930864
  77. Tanin , K. , Wickman , D. , Montgomery , D. , Das , S. et al. The Influence of Boost Pressure on Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Heavy-Duty Single-Cylinder D.I. Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0840 1999 10.4271/1999-01-0840
  78. Yang , B. , Mellor , A. , and Chen , S. Multiple Injections with EGR Effects on NOx Emissions for DI Diesel Engines Analyzed Using an Engineering Model SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2774 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2774
  79. O'Connor J and Musculus M Effects of EGR and load on soot in a heavy-duty optical diesel engine with close-coupled post-injections for high efficiency combustion phasing Int. J. Eng. Res. 2013
  80. Siebers , D. and Higgins , B. Flame Lift-Off on Direct-Injection Diesel Sprays Under Quiescent Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0530 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0530
  81. Heywood J B Internal combustion engine fundamentals McGraw-Hill New York, NY 1988
  82. Naber , J. and Siebers , D. Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 960034 1996 10.4271/960034
  83. Böhm H , Hesse D , Jander H , Lüers B , Pietscher J , Wagner H G G , Weiss M The influence of pressure and temperature on soot formation in premixed flames Proc. Combust. Inst. 22 1 403 411 1989
  84. Liu , Y. and Reitz , R. Optimizing HSDI Diesel Combustion and Emissions Using Multiple Injection Strategies SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0212 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0212
  85. Ferguson C R and Kirkpatrick A T Internal combustion engines , Applied Thermosciences Hayton J. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York NY 2001
  86. Miles , P. The Influence of Swirl on HSDI Diesel Combustion at Moderate Speed and Load SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1829 2000 10.4271/2000-01-1829
  87. Sahoo , D. , Petersen , B. , and Miles , P. Measurement of Equivalence Ratio in a Light-Duty Low Temperature Combustion Diesel Engine by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence of a Fuel Tracer SAE Int. J. Engines 4 2 2312 2325 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0064
  88. Bruneaux , G. and Maligne , D. Study of the Mixing and Combustion Processes of Consecutive Short Double Diesel Injections SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 1151 1169 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1352
  89. Zhang Y , Yoshizaki T , Nishida K Imaging of droplets and vapor distributions in a diesel fuel spray by means of a laser absorption-scattering technique Appl. Opt. 39 33 6221 6229 2000
  90. Bruneaux G Liquid and vapor spray structure in high-pressure common rail diesel injection Atomization and Sprays 11 5 533 556 2001

Cited By