This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Locating Multiple Incoherent Sound Sources in 3D Space in Real Time
Technical Paper
2011-01-1667
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A model based approach is developed to track and trace multiple incoherent sound sources in 3D space in real time. This technology is capable of handling continuous, random, transient, impulsive, narrowband and broadband sounds over a wide frequency range (20 to 20,000 Hz). The premise of this technology is that the sound field is generated by point sources located in a free field. To locate these sound sources, iterative triangulations are used based on the signals measured by a microphone array. These signals are preprocessed through de-noising techniques to enhance signal to noise ratios (SNR). Unlike the conventional beamforming, the present technology enables one to pinpoint the exact locations of multiple incoherent sound sources simultaneously by using the Cartesian coordinates, including sources behind measurement microphones. In other words, the microphone array need not face a test object, which is required in the beamforming. Only four to six microphones are used in this approach, with four being the bare minimum to produce the (x, y, z) coordinates of a target, and six being capable of producing more accurate and stable results. The microphone positions are reconfigurable to suit the test environment, provided that they are not on the same plane and their coordinates can be determined after reconfiguration. Experimental validations are demonstrated. Tests are conducted in various non-ideal environments such as inside a machine shop, hall ways of a large building, and crowded rooms where background noise and reverberation effects are relatively high. Both stationary and moving sources that produce arbitrarily time-dependent acoustic signals are used to test the effectiveness of source localization of this technology. Practical limitations of this technology are examined and discussed.
Authors
Citation
Wu, S. and Zhu, N., "Locating Multiple Incoherent Sound Sources in 3D Space in Real Time," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1667, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1667.Also In
References
- Carter, G. C. “Time delay estimation for passive sonar signal processing,” IEEE Transactions Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process 29 463 170 1981
- Ferguson, B. G. “Variability in the passive ranging of acoustic sources in air using a wavefront curvature technique,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108 1535 1544 2000
- Ferguson, B. G. Criswick, L. G. Lo, K. W. “Locating far-field impulsive sound sources in air by triangulation,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111 104 116 2002
- Ziola, S. M. Gorman, M. R. “Source location in thin plates using cross-correlation” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90 2551 2556 1991
- Coverley, P. T. Staszewski, W. J. “Impact damage location in composite structures using optimized sensor triangulation procedure,” Smart Materials and Structures 12 795 803 2003
- Kundu, T. Das, Samik Jata, K. V. “Point of impact prediction in isotropic and anisotropic plates from the acoustic emission data,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122 2551 2556 2007
- Davies, D. E. N. “Circular arrays,” The Handbook of Antenna Design Peregrinus London 1983 2
- Fabre, J. P. Wilson, J. H. “Minimum detectable level evaluation of inverse beamforming using Outpost SUNRISE data,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98 3262 3278 1995
- Meyer, J. “Beamforming for a circular microphone array mounted on spherically shaped objects,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109 185 193 2001
- Cigada, A. Lurati, M. Ripamonti, F. Vanali, M. “Moving microphone arrays to reduce spatial aliasing in the beamforming technique: Theoretical background and numerical investigation localization of multiple underwater intruders,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124 3648 3658 2008
- Fink, M. “Time reversed acoustics,” Physics Today 50 34 1997
- Kerbrat, E. Prada, C. Cassereau, D. Fink, M. “Imaging in the presence of grain noise using the decomposition of the time reversal operator,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113 1230 1240 2003
- Francoeur, D. Berry, A. “Time reversal of flexural waves in a beam at audible frequency,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124 1006 1017 2008
- Kuperman, W. A. Hodgkiss, W. S. Song, H. C. Akal, T. Ferla, C. Jackson, D. R “Phase conjugation in the ocean: Experimental demonstration of an acoustic time-reversal mirror,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103 25 40 1998
- Hodgkiss, W. S. Song, H. C. Kuperman, W. A. Akal, T. Ferla, C. Jackson, D. R. “A long-range and variable focus phase-conjugation experiment in shallow water,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105 1597 1604 1999
- Lingevitch, J. F. Song, H. C. Kuperman, W. A. “Time reversed reverberation focusing in a waveguide,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111 2609 2614 2002
- Yon, S. Tanter, M. Fink, M. “Sound focusing in rooms: The time reversal approach,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113 1 11 2003
- Montaldo, G. Tanter, M. Fink, M. “Revisiting iterative time reversal processing: Application to detection of multiple targets,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115 776 784 2004
- Williams, E. G. Maynard, J. D. “Holographic imaging without the wavelength resolution limit,” Physics Review Letters 45 554 557 1980
- Williams, E. G. Fourier Acoustics: Sound Radiation and Nearfield Acoustical Holography Academic Press San Diego 1999
- Wu, S. F. “Methods for reconstructing acoustic quantities based on acoustic pressure measurements,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124 2680 2697 2008
- Wu, S. F. Zhu, N. “Locating arbitrarily time-dependent sound sources in 3D space in real time,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128 728 739 2010