This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Increasing the Lubricity of JP-8 to Fuel Two-stroke Spark Ignition Engines for Midsized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Technical Paper
2011-01-0332
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In order to satisfy the single-fuel initiative, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has the need for engines in the 20 to 50 hp range to power midsized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) able to operate on JP-8 “heavy” fuel. It may be possible to convert two-stroke engines designed to operate on a gasoline-oil mixture to run on JP-8; however, one concern is that using JP-8 in lieu of the original fuel mixture will have an impact on engine lubrication. The research described in this paper investigated the lubricity of JP-8 and S-8 (synthetic heavy fuel) and compared it to the lubricity of a gasoline and lubricating oil combination typically used in two-stroke engines. In addition, three lubricity agents, synthetic lubricating oil, B100 biodiesel, and Military Specification engine oil, were added to heavy fuel and the resulting lubricity measured. Results showed that adding two percent of lubricating oil to JP-8 and S-8 provides sufficient lubricity to meet two-cycle engine lubrication requirements. Adding two percent B100 biodiesel to the heavy fuel also sufficiently increases lubricity to meet two-stroke lubrication requirements. Existing Military Specification engine oils do not increase the lubricity of heavy fuels sufficiently to meet two-stroke lubrication requirements.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Lee, J., Duddy, B., Thurston, M., Beardslee, D. et al., "Increasing the Lubricity of JP-8 to Fuel Two-stroke Spark Ignition Engines for Midsized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0332, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0332.Also In
References
- Department of Defense Directive on Fuel Standardization, 4130.43 USA 1988
- Department of Defense Directive on Management Policy for Energy Commodities and Related Services, 4140.25 USA 2004
- Heywood, J. B. “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals,” McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York 1988
- Department of Defense Detailed Specification: Turbine Fuels, Aviation Kerosene Types; NATO F-34 (JP-8), NATO F-35, AND JP-8+100, MIL-DTL-83133E USA Apr. 1 1999
- Anastopolous, G. Lois, E. Zannikos, F. Kalligeros, S. Teas, C. “HFRR Lubricity Response of an Additized Aviation Kerosene for use in CI Engines,” Tribology Internat. 35 599 604 2002
- Knothe, G. Steidley, K. R. “Lubricity of Components of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel: The Origin of Biodiesel Lubricity,” Energy and Fuels 19 1192 1200 2005
- Graboski, M. S. McCormick, R. L. “Combustion of Fat and Vegetable Oil Derived Fuels in Diesel Engines,” Prog. Energy Combustion Sci. 24 125 164 1998
- Schihl, P. Hoogterp, L. Pangilinan, H. Schwarz, E. Bryzik, W. “Modeling JP-8 Fuel Effects on Diesel Combustion Systems,” U.S. Army RDECOM-TARDEC Warren, MI 2006
- Edwards, T. Minus, D. Harrison, W. Corporan, E. DeWitt, M. Zabarnick, S. Balster, L. “Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuels - Characterization for Advanced Aerospace Applications,” AIAA paper 2004-3885 2004
- Lacey, P. Westbrook, S. “Fuel Lubricity Additive Evaluation,” Interim Report TFLRF 323 U.S. Army TARDEC Fuels and Lubricants Research Facility, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX June 1997
- Department of Defense Performance Specification, Lubricating Oil, Internal Combustion Engine, MIL-PRF-2104H USA July 12 2004
- Welch, W. Durbin, T. D. “Emissions and Demonstration of an Emission Control Technology for Small Two-Stroke Utility Engines,” J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 54 2 200 206 2004
- ASTM International Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels 2009
- ASTM International Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils 2009
- ASTM International Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels 2004
- Pagowski, Z. “New Perspectives for Biofuels” Aviation. Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines 10 3 4 2003
- Korres, D Karonis, D Lois, E Link, M Gupta, A “Aviation Fuel JP-5 and Biodiesel on a Diesel Engine,” Fuel 87 1 70 78 2008
- Edwards, T. Harrison, W. Maurice, L. “Properties and Usage of Air Force Fuel: JP-8,” AIAA paper 2001-0498 2001
- Oppenheim, L. “Diesel Lubricity Additive: Effect on JP-8 in Pipelines,” Defense Energy Supply Center Quality Manager's Conference USA Mar. 1 2005
- Younggy, S. Chang, S. Koo, S. “Performance Test and Simulation of a Reciprocating Engine for Long Endurance Miniature Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Procs. IMechE. 219 D 573 581 2005
- “U.S. Military Urges EPA to Push Diesel Lubricity Limit, Ensure Military Fuels Availability,” Diesel Fuel News Sept. 2 2003
- Frame, E. “Evaluation of Biodiesel Samples as Fuel Lubricity Enhancers,” Letter Report TFLRF 99-008 U.S. Army TARDEC Fuels and Lubricants Research Facility, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX May 2000
- Fernandes, G. Fuschetto, J. Filipi, Z. Assanis, D. McKee, H. “Impact of Military JP-8 Fuel on Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions,” Procs. IMechE. 221 D 957 970 2007