This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Development of a Legform Impactor with 4-DOF Knee-Joint for Pedestrian Safety Assessment in Omni-Direction Impacts
Technical Paper
2011-01-0085
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The issue of car-to-pedestrian impact safety has received more and more attention. For leg protection, a legform impactor with 2 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) proposed by EEVC is required in current regulations for injury assessment, and the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Inc. (JAMA) and Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) have developed a more biofidelic pedestrian legform since 2000. However, studies show that those existing legforms may not be able to cover some car-to-pedestrian impact situations. This paper documents the development of a new pedestrian legform with 4 DOFs at the knee-joint. It can better represent the kinematics characteristics of human knee-joint, especially under loading conditions in omni-direction impacts. The design challenge is to solve the packaging problem, including design of the knee-joint mechanisms and layout of all the sensors in a limited space of the legform. Furthermore, reusable elements are used to achieve the joint stiffness requirements instead of destructive elements used in the EEVC 2-DOF legform. A prototype of the 4-DOF legform has been manufactured based on the design. The preliminary impact tests against bumper systems are also introduced in this paper.
Recommended Content
Journal Article | Influence of Vehicle Front End Design on Pedestrian Lower Leg Performance for SUV Class Vehicle |
Technical Paper | Static Brake Testing Using the Main Drive |
Technical Paper | LED Solutions for Mainstream Penetration in Automotive Lighting |
Authors
Citation
Huang, J., Nie, B., Zeng, L., Xia, Y. et al., "Development of a Legform Impactor with 4-DOF Knee-Joint for Pedestrian Safety Assessment in Omni-Direction Impacts," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0085, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0085.Also In
References
- EEVC Working Group 17 “Report Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars,” December 1998 Sept. 2002
- Traffic Safety Administration, the Ministry of Public Security “Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in P.R. of China,” 2000 2005
- “On the Type-Approval of Motor Vehicles with Regard to the Protection of Pedestrians and Other Vulnerable Road Users,” Official Journal of the European Union Jan. 2009
- Global Technical Regulation No. 9 “Pedestrian Safety,” Jan. 2009
- Euro NCAP “Pedestrian Testing Protocol Version 5.1,” Jan 2010
- Konosu, A. Issiki, T. Takahashi, Y. Suzuki, H. Been, B. Burleigh, M. Hirasawa, T. Kanoshima, H. “Development of a Biofidelic Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor Type GTR Prototype Part 1: Development and Technical Evaluations,” 21th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 09-0145 2009
- Been, B. Burleigh, M. Konosu, A. Issiki, T. Takahashi, Y. Suzuki, H. “Development of a Biofidelic Flexible Pedestrian Legform Impactor Type GTR Prototype Part 2: Technical Details,” 21th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 09-0146 2009
- Teresinski, G. Madro, R. “Knee Joint Injury as a Reconstructive Factor in Car-to-Pedestrian Accidents,” Forensic Science International 124 1 74 82 2001
- Chidester, A.B. Isenberg, R.A. “Final report - The pedestrian crash data study,” 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 248 2001
- Henary, B. Crandall, J. Bhalla, K. Mock, C. Roudsari, B. “Child and Adult Pedestrian Impact: The Influence of Vehicle Type on Injury Severity,” 47th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine September 22 24 2003
- Teresinski, G. Madro, R. “Evidential value of injuries useful for reconstruction of the pedestrian-vehicle location at the moment of collision,” Forensic Science International 128 3 127 135 2002
- Bose, D. Bhala, K. Untaroiu, C. Ivarsson, B. Crandall, J.R. Hurwitz, S. “Injury Tolerance and Moment Response of the Knee Joint to Combined Valgus Bending and Shear Loading,” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 130 3 2008 10.1115/1.2907767
- Takahashi, Y. Kikuchi, Y. “Biofidelity of Test Devices and Validity of Injury Criteria for Evaluating Knee Injuries to Pedestrians,” 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 373 2001
- Nagasaka, K. Mizuno, K. Tanaka, E. Yamamoto, S. Iwamoto, M. Miki, K. Kajzer, J. “Finite Element Analysis of Knee Injury Risks in Car-to-Pedestrian Impacts,” Traffic Injury Prevention 4 4 345 354 2003 10.1080/714040492
- Kerrigan, J.R. Crandall, J.R. Deng, B. “A Comparative Analysis of the Pedestrian Injury Risk Predicted by Mechanical Impactors and Post Mortem Human Surrogates,” Stapp Car Crash Journal 52 527 567 2008
- Zhou, Q. Quade, M. Du, H. “Concept Design of a 4-DOF Pedestrian Legform,” 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 07-0196 2007
- “Human Leg,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leg Aug. 2010
- Konosu, A. Tanahashi, M. “Development of a Biofidelic Pedestrian Legform Impactor - Introduction of JAMA-JARI Legform Impactor Ver. 2002,” 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 378 2003
- Konosu, A. Issiki, T. Tanahashi, M. “Development of a Biofidelic Flexible Pedestrian Leg-form Impactor (Flex-PLI 2004) and Evaluation of its Biofidelity at the Component Level and at the Assembly Level,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1879 2005 10.4271/2005-01-1879
- Viano, D.C. Culver, C.C. Haut, R.C. Melvin, J.W. et al. “Bolster Impacts to the Knee and Tibia of Human Cadavers and an Anthropomorphic Dummy,” SAE Technical Paper 780896 1978 10.4271/780896
- Kim, B.K. Lee, S.Y. Xu, M. “Polyurethanes having shape memory effects,” Polymer. 37 26 1996 10.1007/bf03185171
- Mullins, L. “Effect of stretching on the properties of rubber,” J. Rubber Res. 16 275 289 1947
- van Dommelen, J.A.W. Jolandan, M.M. Ivarsson, B.J. Millington, S.A. Raut, M. Kerrigan, J.R. Crandall, J.R. Diduch, D.R. “Pedestrian Injuries: Viscoelastic Properties of Human Knee Ligaments at High Loading Rates,” Traffic Injury Prevention 6 3 278 287 2005 10.1080/15389580590969436
- Huang, J. Liu, Q. Nie, B. Huang, Y. Du, H. Xia, Y. Zhou, Q. “Development and Evaluation of Pedestrian Impactor Launching Equipment Based on EEVC Requirements,” Automotive Engineering (in Chinese) 30 12 1056 1060 2008
- Ramet, M. Bouquet, R. Bermond, F. Caire, Y. “Shearing and Bending Human Knee Joint Tests in Quasi-static Lateral Load,” Proceeding IRCOBI Conference 1995
- Kajzer, J. Schroeder, G. Ishikawa, H. Matsui, Y. et al. “Shearing and Bending Effect at the Knee Joint at High Speed Lateral Loading,” SAE Technical Paper 973326 1997 10.4271/973326
- Kajzer, J. Matsui, Y. Ishikawa, H. Schroeder, G. et al. “Shearing and Bending Effect at the Knee Joint at Low Speed Lateral Loading,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0712 1999 10.4271/1999-01-0712
- Matsui, Y. “Biofidelity of TRL Legform Impactor and Injury Tolerance of the Human Leg in Lateral Impact,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-22-0023 2001 10.4271/2001-22-0023
- Artis, M. McDonald, J. White, R. Huang, T.J. Shams, T. Rangarajan, N. Akiyama, A. Okamoto, M. Yoshizawa, R. Ishikawa, H. “Development of a New Biofidelic Leg for Use with a Pedestrian Dummy,” In Proceedings of the 2000 IRCOBI Conference 2000
- Kerrigan, J. Drinkwater, C. Kam, C. Murphy, D. Ivarsson, J. Crandall, J. “Tolerance of the Human Leg and Thigh in Dynamic Lateral-Medial 3-point Bending” The 2004 International Crashworthiness Conference 2004
- Bose, D. Bhalla, K. Rooij, L. Millington, S. et al. “Response of the Knee Joint to the Pedestrian Impact Loading Environment,” SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1608 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1608
- Bhalla, K. Bose, D. Madeley, N Kerrigan, J. Crandall, J. Longhitano, D. Takahashi, Y. “Evaluation of the response of mechanical pedestrian knee joint impactors in bending and shear loading,” 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper 429 2003
- Takahashi, Y. Kikuchi, Y. Okamoto, M. Akiyama, A. Ivarsson, B.J. Bose, D. Subit, D. Shin, J. Crandall, J. “Biofidelity evaluation for the knee and leg of the Polar pedestrian dummy,” 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper 05-0280 2005
- Ivarsson, J. Lessley, D. Kerrigan, J. Bhalla, K. Bose, D. Crandall, J. Kent, R. “Dynamic response corridors and injury thresholds of the pedestrian lower extremities,” Proceedings of the 2004 IRCOBI Conference 179 191 2004
- Crandall, J. Wiley, K. Longhitano, D. Akiyama, A. “Development of Pedestrian Specifications for a Pedestrian Research Dummy,” 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles , Paper No. 05-0389 2005
- Lawrence, G. “A study on the feasibility of measures relating to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users,” 2006