Investigation of Anteroposterior Head-Neck Responses during Severe Frontal Impacts Using a Brain-Spinal Cord Complex FE Model

Technical Paper

2006-22-0019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-22-0019

Published November 06, 2006 by The Stapp Association in United States

Sector:

Automotive

Event: 50th Stapp Car Crash Conference

Language: English

Abstract

Injuries of the human brain and spinal cord associated with the central nervous system (CNS) are seen in automotive accidents. CNS injuries are generally categorized into severe injuries (AIS 3+). However, it is not clear how the restraint conditions affect the CNS injuries. This paper presents a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) finite element head-neck model in order to investigate the biomechanical responses of the brain-spinal cord complex. The head model consists of the scalp, skull, and a detailed description of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem with distinct white and gray matter, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), sagittal sinus, dura, pia, arachnoid, meninx, falx cerebri, and tentorium. Additionally, the neck model consists of the cervical vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, muscles, ligaments, spinal cord with white and gray matter, cervical pia, and CSF. The two models were linked together to construct a finite element (FE) model of the brain-spinal cord complex. The material stiffness and failure properties of porcine cervical pia mater were measured from uniaxial tensile tests with various strain rates at Yamaguchi University. The head-neck model was validated against three sets of brain test data obtained by Nahum et al. (1977), Trosseille et al. (1992), and Hardy et al. (2001) and two sets of neck test data obtained from Thunnissen et al. (1995) and Pintar et al. (1995). Additionally, a series of parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of restraint conditions on CNS injuries. The injury criteria for brain injuries were based on Cumulative Strain Damage Measure, while those for spinal cord injuries were based on the ultimate strains of the spinal cord and pia mater. It was found that the brain-spinal cord model was useful to investigate the relationship between the restraint conditions and CNS injuries.

Also In

References

Abe, H. Hayashi, K. Sato, M. 1996 Data Book on Mechanical Properties of Living Cells, Tissues, and Organs Springer
Al-Bsharat, A. Hardy, W.N. Yang, K.H. Khalil, T.B. King, A.I. Tashman, S. 1999 Brain/skull relative displacement magnitude due to blunt head impact: new experimental data and model Proc. 43 rd Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 99S C22 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Anderson T.E. Viano D.C. 1986 Estimated united states incidence of disabling and fatal central nervous system traumas: a need to re-evaluate priorities? Proc. of 1986 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI) Zurich (Switzerland) 41 51
Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) 2005 Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005 Gennarelli, T.A. Wodzin, E. Barrington, IL
Bain A.C. Meaney D.F. 2000 Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury J Biomech Eng. 122 6 615 22
Bilston, L.E. Thibault, L.E. 1996 The mechanical properties of the hunan cervical spinal cord in vitro Annals of Biomedical Engineering 24 67 74
Bilston, L.E. 1998 Finite element analysis of some cervical spinal cord injury modes Proc. of 1988 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI) Goeteborg (Sweden)
Carr, A.M. Bailes, J.E. Helmkamp, J.C. Rosen, C.L. Miele, V.J. 2004 Neurological injury and death in all-terrain vehicle crashes in west virginia: a 10-year retrospective review Neurosurgery 54 4 861 867
Cheng, R. Yang, K.H. Levine, R.S. King, A.I. Morgan, R. 1982 Injuries to the cervical spine caused by a distributed frontal load to the chest Proc. of the 26 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 821155 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Clarke, T.D. Gragg, C.D. Sprouffske, J.F. Trout, E.M. Zimmerman, R.M. Muzzy, W.H. 1971 Human head linear and angular accelerations during impact Proc. of the 15 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 710857 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Clemente, C.D. 1985 Gray's Anatomy 30 th Lea & Febiger PA
Cobb, J.D. Maclennan, P.A. McGwin, G. Jr. Metzger, J.S. Rue L.W. III 2005 Original contribution: motor vehicle mismatch-related spinal injury The journal of spinal cord medicine 28 4 314 319
Lange, R.de Rooij, L. Mooi, H. Wismans J. 2005 Objective biofidelity rating of a numerical human occupant model in frontal to lateral impact Stapp Car Crash Journal 49 SAE paper No. 2005-22-0020 457 479
Deng, Y.C. 1995 How airbags and seat belts work together in frontal crashes Proc. of the 39 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 952702 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Deng, Y.C. Li, X. Liu, Y. 1999 Modeling of the human cervical spine using finite element techniques SAE 1999-01-1310 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Donnelly, B.R. Morgan, R.M. Eppinger, R.H. 1983 Durability, repeatability and reproducibility of the NHTSA side impact dummy Proceedings of the 27 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 831624 299 310
Dryden, D.M. Saunders, L.D. Jacobs, P. Schopflocher, D.P. Rowe, B.H. May, L.A. Yiannakoulias, N. Svenson, L.W. Voaklander, D.C. 2005 Related Articles, Links Direct health care costs after traumatic spinal cord injury J. Trauma. Aug 59 2 443 9
Dvorak, M.F. Fisher, C.G. Hoekema, J. Boyd, M. Noonan, V. Wing P.C. Kwon, B. 2005 Factors predicting motor recovery and functional outcome after traumatic central cord syndrome Spine 30 20 2303 2311
Franklyn, M. Fildes, B. Zhang, L. Yang, K. Sparke, L. 2005 Analysis of finite element models for head injury investigation: Reconstruction of four real-world impacts Stapp Car Crash Journal 49 SAE paper No. 2005-22-0001 1 32
Galbraith, J.A. Thibault, L.E. Matteson, D.R. 1993 Mechanical and electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation J. Biomechanical Engineering 115 13 22
Galford, J.E. McElhaney, J.H. 1970 A viscoelastic study of scalp, brain and dura Journal of Biomechanics 3 211 222
Gennarelli, T.A. Ommaya A.K. Thibault, L.E. 1971 Comparison of translational and rotational head motions in experimental cerebral concussion Proc. 15 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE P-39 797 803
Gross, A.G. 1958 A new theory on the dynamics of concussion and brain injury Journal of Neurosurgery 15 548 561
Gurdjian, E.S. Webster, J.E. Lissner, H.R. 1955 Observation on the mechanism of brain concussion, contusion, and laceration Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 101 680 690
Halldin, P.H. Brolin, K. Kleiven, S. von Holst, H. Jakobsson, L. Palmertz, C. 2000 Investigation of conditions that affect neck compression - flexion injuries using numerical techniques Stapp Car Crash Journal 44 The Stapp Association Ann Arbor, MI
Hanks, S.E. Vogt, M. Donaldson, W.F. 2003 The effect of the airbag on preventing injury to the cervical spine in motor vehicle accidents Proc. of thirty first annual meeting Cervical spine research society 20 21
Hardy, W.N. Foster, C.D. Mason, M.J. Yang, K.H. King, A.I. Tashman, S. 2001 Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar X-ray Stapp Car Crash Journal 45 SAE paper No. 2001-22-0016 337 368
Hart, R.A. Mayberry, J.C. Herzberg, A.M. 2000 Acute cervical spinal cord injury secondary to air bag deployment without proper use of lap or shoulder harnesses Journal of Spinal Disorders 13 1 36 38
Hasegawa J. Shiomi, A. 2003 A Study of Whiplash Injury Occurrence Mechanisms Using Human Finite Element Model Proc. of the 18 th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV)
Hedenstierna, S. Halldin, P. Brolin, K. von Holst, H. 2006 Development and evaluation of a continuum neck muscle model Abstracts of the 5 th World Congress of Biomechanics, (Journal of Biomechanics 39 Supplement 1 Munich, Germany 29 Jul 4 Aug.
Holly, L.T. Kelly, D.F. Counelis, G.J. Blinman, T. McArthur, D.L. 2002 Cervical spine trauma associated with moderate and severe head injury: incidence, risk factors, and injury characteristics J. Neurosurg, (Spine 3) 96 285 291
Iatridis, J. C. Weidenbaum, M. Setton, L. A. Mow, V. C. 1996 Is the Nucleus Pulposus a Solid or a Fluid? Mechanical Behaviors of the Nucleus Pulposus of the Human Intervertebral Disc Spine 21 10
Ichihara, K. Taguchi, T. Shimada, Y. Sakuramoto, I. Kawano, S. Kawai, S. 2001 Gray matter of the bovine cervical spinal cord is mechanically more rigid and fragile than the white matter J. Neurotrauma 18 3 361 367
Ichihara, K. Taguchi, T. Sakuramoto, I. Kawano, S. Kawai, S. 2003 Mechanism of the spinal cord injury and the cervical spondylotic myelopathy: new approach based on the mechanical features of the spinal cord white and gray matter J. Neurosurgery 99 3 Suppl 278 285
Iwamoto, M. Kisanuki, Y. Watanabe, I. Furusu, K. Miki, K. Hasegawa, J. 2002 Development of a finite element model of the total human body model for safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction Proc. of 2002 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI) Munich (Germany) 31 42
Kahle, W. Leonhardt, H. Platzer, W. 1986 Taschenatlas der Anatomie für Studium und Praxis: Band3: Nervensystem und Sinnesorgane Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York
King, A.I. Yang, K.H. Zhang, L. Hardy W. 2003 Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? Proc. of 2003 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI) Lisbon (Portugal)
Kleinberger, M. 1993 Application of finite element techniques to the study of cervical spine mechanics Proc. of the 37 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 933131 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Kleiven, S. von Holst, H. 2001 Consequences of Brain Size following Impact in Prediction of Subdural Hematoma evaluated with Numerical Techniques Proc. IRCOBI Conference 161 172 Isle of Man (UK) International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact Bron, France
Kleiven, S. Hardy, W.N. 2002 Correlation of an FE model of the human head with local brain motion - consequences for injury prediction Stapp Car Crash Journal 46 123 144
LaPlaca, M.C. Lee, V.M.-Y. Thibault, L.E. 1997 An in vitro model of traumatic neuronal injury: Loading rate dependent changes in acute cytosolic calcium and lactate dehydrogenase release J. Neurotrauma. 14 355 368
Martini, F.H. Timmons, M.J. McKinley M.P. 2000 Human Anatomy Third 0-13-010011-0 Pearson Education, Inc
Maxwell, W.L. Povlishock, J.T. Graham, D.L. 1997 A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: A review J. Neurotrauma 14 7 419 440
McElhaney, J.H. Melvin, J.W. Robert, V.L. Potnoy, H. 1973 Dynamic characteristics of the tissue of the head Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering Kenedi, R.M. MacMillan Press London
Meyer, F. Bourdent, N. Deck, C. Willinger, R. Raul, J.S. 2004 Human Neck Finite Element Model Development and Validation against Original Experimental Data Stapp Car Crash Journal 48 The Stapp Association Ann Arbor, MI
Nahum, A.M. Smith, R. Ward, C.C. 1977 Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact Proceedings of the 21 st Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 770922 339 366
Nakamachi, E. Yamamoto, H. Okuyama, T. Takegawa, Y. 2001 Crash analysis of human head and evaluation of damage The 12 th JSME Autumn Bioengineering Conference and Seminar Oct 26 2001 Nagoya 19 20
Naruse, F. Ichikawa, Y. Mizutani, H. Kaneda, T. 1993 Biomechanical study on mid-third facial fracture - stress analysis using a finite element method (FEM) - Jpn. J. Oral Biol. 35 297 311
Nightingale, R.W. McElhaney, J.H. Camacho, D.L. Kleinberger, M. Winkelstein, B.A. Myers, B.S. 1997 The dynamic responses of the cervical spine: Buckling, end conditions, and tolerance in compression impacts Proc. of the 41 st Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 973344 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Nusholtz, G.S. Lux, P. Kaiker, P.S. Janicki, M.A. 1984 Head impact response skull deformation and angular acceleration Proc. 28 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 841657 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Ono, K. Kaneoka, K. Wittek, A. Kajzer, J. 1997 Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low-speed rear impacts Proc. of the 41 st Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 973340 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Ono, K. Kaneoka, K. Hattori, S. Ujihashi, S. Takhounts, E.G. Haffner, M. Eppinger, R.H. 2002 Cervical vertebral motions and biomechanical responses to direct loading of human head Proc. of 2002 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI) Munich (Germany) 235 248
Patrick, L.M. Nyquist, G.W. Trosien, K.L. 1972 Safety performance of shaped steering assembly airbag Proc. of the 16 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 720976 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Perese, D.M. 1960 Relationship of the spinothalamic tract to the dentate ligament in the thoracic and the cervical cord Surg Forum 11 398 400
Pintar F.A. Yoganandan, N. Voo, L. Cusick, J.F. Maiman, D.J. Sances, A. Jr. 1995 Dynamic characteristics of the human cervical spine Proc. of the 39 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 952722 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Pope, A.M. Tarlov, A.R. 1991 Disability in america: toward a national agenda for prevention National academic Press Washington D.C. 147 183
Robbins, D.H. 1983 Anthropometric specifications for mid-sized male dummy 2 NHTSA
Skaggs, D.L. Weidenbaum, M. Iatridis, J.C. Ratcliffe, A. Mow, V.C. Regional variation in tensile properties and biochamical composition of the human lumber anulus fibrosus Spine 19 12 1310 1319
Schneider, LW. Robbins, DH. Pflug, MA. Snyder, RG. 1983 Development of anthropometrically based design specifications for an advanced adult anthropomorphic dummy family 1 NHTSA
Siegmund, G.P. Sanderson, D.J. Myers, B.S. Inglis, J.T. 2003a Awareness affects the response of human subjects exposed to a single whiplash-like perturbation Spine 28 7 671 679
Siegmund, G.P. Sanderson, D.J. Myers, B.S. Inglis, J.T. 2003b Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplashlike perturbations J Biomech. 36 4 473 482
Smith, J.A. Siegel, J.H. Siddigi, S.Q. 2005 Spine and spinal cord injury in motor vehicle crashes: a function of change in velocity and energy dissipation on impact with respect to the direction of crash The journal of trauma injury, infection, and critical care 59 1 117 131
Spinal Cord Injury: Facts and Figures at a Glance Birmingham, AL National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center June 2005 http://images.main.uab.edu/spinalcord/pdffiles/factsfig.pdf May 2006
Stalnaker, R.L. 1969 Mechanical properties of the head Ph.D. Dissertation W. Virginia University WV
Stalnaker, R.L. Alem, N.M. Benson, J.B. Melvin, J.W. 1977 Validation studies for head impact injury model Final report DOT HS-802 566 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S., Department of Transportation Washington, DC
Strich, S.J. 1961 Shearing of nerve fibers as a cause for brain damage due to head injury Lancet 2 443 448
Suzuki, M. Shimamura, T. 1994 Morphological study of the axial view of the cervical spinal cord by MR images J. Japan, Orthop. Assoc. 68 1 1 13
Takhounts, E.G. Crandall, J.R. Darvish, K. 2003 On the Development of the SIMon Finit Element Head Model Stapp Car Crash Journal 47 107 133
Tanaka, Y. 1984 Morphological changes of the cervical spinal canal and cord due to aging J. Japan, Orthop. Assoc. 58 9 873 886
Thibault, L.E. Gennarelli, T.A. 1985 Biomechanics of diffuse brain injuries Proc. 29 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 856022
Thunnissen, J.G.M. Wismans, J.S.H.M. Ewing, C.L. Thomas, D.J. 1995 Human volunteer head-neck response in frontal flexion: a new analysis Proc. of the 39 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 952721 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Trosseille, X. Tarriere, C. Lavaste, F. Guillon, F. Domont, A. 1992 Development of a F.E.M. of the human head according to a specific test protocol Proc. of 36 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 922527
Unterharnscheidt, F.J. 1971 Translational versus rotational acceleration: animal experiments with measured input Proc. 15 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 710880
Viano, D.C. Lövsund, P. 1999 Biomechanics of brain and spinal cord injury: Analysis of neurophysiological experiments Crash Prevention and Injury Control 1 35 43
Ward, C.C. Chan, M. Nahum, A.M. 1980 Intracranial pressure - a brain injury criterio Proc. 24 th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 801304 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Walsh, M.J. Kelleher, B.J. 1978 Evaluation of air cushion and belt restraint systems in identical crash situations using dummies and cadavera Proc. of the 22 nd Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 780893 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Willinger, R. Baumgartner, D. 2003 Human head tolerance limits to specific injjury mechanisms Internaltional Journal of Crashworthiness 8 6 605 617
Wood, J.L. 1971 Dynamic response of human cranial bone Journal of Biomechanics 1 12
Yamada, H. 1970 Strength of biological materials Evean FG. The Williams & Wilkins Company Baltimore
Yang, K.H. Zhu, F. Luan, F. Zhao, L. Begeman, P.C. 1998 Development of a finite element model of the human neck Proc. of the 42 nd Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 983157 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Yoganandan, N. Pintar, F.A. Butler, J. Reinartz, J. Sances, A., Jr Larson, SJ. 1989a Dynamic response of human cervical spine ligaments Spine 14 10 1102 1110
Yoganandan, N. Pintar, F.A. Haffner, M. Jentzen, J. Malman, D.J. Weinshel, S.S. Larson, S.J. Nichols, H. Sances, A. Jr 1989b Epidemiology and injury biomechanics of motor vehicle related trauma to the human spine Proc. of the 33 rd Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 892438 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Yoganandan, N. Pintar, F.A. Kumaresan, S. Elhagediab, A. 1998 Biomechanical Assessment of Human Cervical Spine Ligaments Proc. of the 42 nd Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 983159 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
Zhang, L. Yang, K. Dwarampudi, R. Omori, K. Li, T. Kun, C. Hardy, W.N. Khalil, T.B. King, A.I. 2001 Recent advances in brain injury research: A new human head model development and validation Stapp Car Crash Journal 45 369 393 The Stapp Association Ann Arbor, MI
Zhang, L. Bae, J. Hardy, N. W. Monson, K.L. Msnley, G.T. Goldsmith, W. Yang, K.H. King, A.I. 2002 Computational study of the contribution of the vasculature on the dynamic response of the brain Stapp Car Crash Journal 46 145 163

Citation
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)

File Format:	Number of Results:
Select Fields to Export
Item Number	Content Type
Title	Author(s)
Affiliation(s)	Publisher
Publish Date	Abstract/scope
Citation	DOI

Technical Paper	A New Model of Traumatic Axonal Injury to Determine the Effects of Strain and Displacement Rates
Technical Paper	Traffic Related Disabilities and Impairments and Their Economic Consequences
Technical Paper	Nerve Level Traumatic Brain Injury in in Vivo/in Vitro Experiments

Investigation of Anteroposterior Head-Neck Responses during Severe Frontal Impacts Using a Brain-Spinal Cord Complex FE Model

Abstract

Recommended Content

Authors

Topic

Citation

Also In

References

Cited By