This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Derivation and Theoretical Assessment of a Set of Biomechanics-based, AIS2+ Risk Equations for the Knee-Thigh-Hip Complex
Technical Paper
2006-22-0005
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A set of risk equations was derived to estimate the probability of sustaining a moderate-to-serious injury to the knee-thigh-hip complex (KTH) in a frontal crash. The study consisted of four parts. First, data pertaining to knee-loaded, whole-body, post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) were collected from the literature, and the attendant response data (e.g., axial compressive load applied to the knee) were normalized to those of a mid-sized male. Second, numerous statistical analyses and mathematical constructs were used to derive the set of risk equations for adults of various ages and genders. Third, field data from the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) were analyzed for subsequent comparison purposes. Fourth, the fidelity of the resulting set of risk equations was assessed by using the risk equations to transform the axial compressive femur loads from simulated, full-engagement, frontal crashes into event risks, and the resulting model-based injury rates were compared with the field-based injury rates. The results were promising: For unbelted drivers in towaway frontal crashes involving 1985-1997 model year passenger cars whose speed changes were less that 58 km/h, the model-based average injury rate was 1.10%; the field-based rate was 1.30%. Moreover, some of the trends in the field were confirmed with the model (e.g., there were more KTH-injured males than KTH-injured females). The risk equations demonstrated better fidelity for lower-speed crashes than high-speed crashes.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Laituri, T., Henry, S., Sullivan, K., and Prasad, P., "Derivation and Theoretical Assessment of a Set of Biomechanics-based, AIS2+ Risk Equations for the Knee-Thigh-Hip Complex," SAE Technical Paper 2006-22-0005, 2006, https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-22-0005.Also In
References
- Aoji O. Motoshima T. Bando T. 1959 On the effective sectional areas and maximum compressive loads of diaphysis of human long bones J. Kyoto Pref. Med. Univ 65 979 984
- Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, AAAM 1990 Abbreviated injury scale - 1990 revision Morton Grove, IL
- BarCharts, Inc. 2003 Anatomy Quick Study: Skeletal System
- Cheng R. Yang K. Levine R. King A. Morgan R. 1982 Injuries to the cervical spine caused by a distributed frontal load to the chest Proceedings 26th Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 821155 .
- Cheng R. Yang K. Levine R. King A. 1984 Dynamic impact loading of the femur under passive restrained condition Proceedings 28th Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 841661
- Donnelly B. Roberts D. 1987 Comparison of cadaver and Hyrbid III dummy response to axial impacts of the femur Proceedings 31st Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 872204
- Eppinger R. Marcus J. Morgan R. 1984 Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA's thoracic side impact protection research program SAE Paper No. 840885
- Horsch J. Patrick L. 1976 Cadaver and dummy knee impact response SAE Paper No. 760799
- Kent R. Funk J. 2004 Data censoring and parametric distribution assignment in the development of injury risk functions from biomechanical data SAE Paper No. 2004-01-0317
- Kroell C. Schneider D. Nahum A. 1976 Comparitive knee impact response of Part 572 dummy and cadaver subjects SAE Paper No. 760817
- Kuppa S. Wang J. Haffner M. Eppinger R. 2001 Lower extremity injuries and associated injury criteria Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Paper No. 457 National Highway Traffic Safety Association Washington D.C
- Kuppa S. 2003 An overview of knee-thigh-hip injuries in frontal crashes in the United States Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles Nogoya, Japan
- Laituri T. Kachnowski B. Prasad P. Sullivan K. Przybylo P. 2003a A theoretical, risk assessment procedure for in-position drivers involved in full-engagement frontal impacts SAE Paper No. 2003-01-1354
- Laituri T. Prasad P Kachnowski B. Sullivan K. Przybylo P. 2003b Predictions of AIS3+ thoracic risks for belted occupants in full- engagement, real-world frontal impacts: Sensitivity to various theoretical risk curves SAE Paper No. 2003-01-1355
- Laituri T. Sullivan D. Sullivan K. Prasad P. 2004 A theoretical math model for projecting AIS3+ thoracic injury for belted occupants in frontal impacts Stapp Car Crash Journal, Paper No. 2004-22-0020 48
- Laituri T. Prasad P. Sullivan K. Frankstein M. Thomas R. 2005 Derivation and evaluation of a provisional, age-dependent, AIS3+ thoracic risk curve for belted adults in frontal impacts,” SAE Paper No. 2005-01-0297
- Laituri T. Henry S. Sullivan S. Prasad P. 2006 Lower-body injury rates in full-engagement frontal impacts: Field data and logistic models SAE Paper No. 2006-01-1666
- Leung Y. Hue B. Fayon A. Tarrierre C. Hamon H. Got C. 1983 Study of KTH protection criterion Proceedings 27th Stapp Car Crash conference. Paper No. 831629
- Madymo 1999 User's Manual 3D, V5.4.1 TNO Road-Vehicles Research Institute
- Melvin J. Nusholtz G. 1980 Tolerance and response of the knee-femur-pelvis complex to axial impacts: impact sled tests Univ. Mich, HSRI, Paper No.UM-HSRI-80-27
- Mertz H. Irwin A. Melvin J. Stalnaker R. Beebe M. 1989 Size, weight, and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies SAE Paper No. 890756
- Mertz H. 1993 Anthropomorphic test devices. In Accidental Injury Biomechanics and Prevention Nahum A. Melvin J. 66 84 Springer-Verlag New York
- Mertz H. Prasad P. Irwin A. 1997 Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions Paper No. 973318 , 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference
- Mertz H. Irwin A. Prasad P. 2003 Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values Stapp Car Crash Journal 47 155 188
- Minitab 2005 Minitab Statistical Software Minitab Inc. Release 14.20 for Windows 2005
- Morgan R. Schneider D. Eppinger R. Nahum A. Marcus J. Awad J. Dainty D. Forrest S. 1987 Interaction of human cadaver and HIII subjects with steering wheel assembly 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. Paper No. 872202
- Morgan R. Eppinger R. Marcus J. 1989 Human cadaver patella-femur-pelvis injury due to dynmaic frontal impact to the patella Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles Sweden
- Morgan R. Marcus J. Nichols 1990 Human cadaver and hybrid III responses to axial impacts of the femur 1990 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 21 35
- Parkin S. Mackay M. Cooper A. 1995 How drivers sit in cars Accident Annal and Prev. 27 6 777 783
- Roberts D. Donnelly B. Morgan R. 1987 Cadaver response to axial impacts of the femur Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles
- Rupp J. Reed M. Kuppa S. Wang S. Goulet J. Schneider L. 2002 The tolerance of the human hip to dynamic knee loading Stapp Car Crash Journal 46 211 228
- Rupp J. 2006 Biomechanics of Hip Fractures in Frontal Motor-vehicle Crashes Doctoral dissertation The University of Michigan
- SAE 1996 Injury Calculations Guidelines Surface Vehicle Information Report - SAE J1727
- SAS 2002 Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC
- States J. 1986 Adult injuries of the lower limb SAE Paper No. 861927
- Tilley A. 2002 The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design Henry Dryfuss Associates John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Viano D. 1977 Considerations for a femur injury criterion Proceedings 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference 443 473 770925
- Viano D. Culver C. Haut R. Melvin J. Bender M. Levin R. 1978 Bolster impacts to the knee and tibia of human cadavers and an anthropormorphic dummy SAE Paper No. 780896
- Yoganandan N. Pintar F. Gennarelli T. Maltese M. Eppinger R. 2001 Mechanisms and factors involved in hip injuries during frontal crashes Stapp Car Crash Journal 45 437 448
- Yamada H. 1970 Strength of Biological Materials Evans F. Gaynor The Williams & Wilkins Company Baltimore, MD Waverly Press, Inc. 49