This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Developing Diesel Engines to Meet Ultra-low Emission Standards
Technical Paper
2005-01-3628
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The modern diesel engine is used around the world to power applications as diverse as passenger cars, heavy-duty trucks, electrical power generators, ships, locomotives, agricultural and industrial equipment. The success of the diesel engine results from its unique combination of fuel economy, durability, reliability and affordability - which drive the lowest total cost of ownership.
The diesel engine has been developed to meet the most demanding on-highway emission standards, through the introduction of advanced technologies such as: electronic controls, high pressure fuel injection, and cooled exhaust gas recirculation. The standards to be introduced in the U.S. in 2007 will see the introduction of the Clean Diesel which will achieve near-zero NOx and particulate emissions, while retaining the customer values outlined above. The progress toward near-zero emissions has involved the development of:
- Advanced engines using new technologies
- Advanced aftertreatment systems
- Availability of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels
This paper describes the technology, tools and processes used to develop ultra-low emission diesel engines for on-highway heavy-duty applications. While meeting emissions is an important goal, it is vital to develop engines that retain traditional customer values. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a set of ideas and practical tools that allow engine design and development to focus on the end-user, while satisfying regulatory requirements. The on-highway heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine is used to illustrate the processes; however the general principles may be applied to other diesel engine applications, such as off-highway, marine or power generation.
The paper underlines the importance of selecting the right technology and system architecture for the application, executing the design of hardware and controls software, and optimizing the performance, fuel economy and emissions through controls calibration using the best available tools. Understanding customer requirements is the fundamental foundation for effective engine design, as is the integration of the engine system with the machine it will drive - be it a truck, a ship or a power generating set.
The paper will describe the modern HD diesel engine, as used in on-highway applications in the US, and will discuss the technologies that make these engines possible. The evolution of emissions requirements in the U.S. and worldwide will be discussed. The important processes of system integration and product definition will be discussed briefly and put in context with the demands of developing new engine systems to meet proposed ultra-low emissions standards. The paper will close with a look forward to advanced technologies that will be candidates for meeting future stringent emission standards.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Charlton, S., "Developing Diesel Engines to Meet Ultra-low Emission Standards," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3628, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3628.Also In
References
- Walsh, M.P. Clean Diesel Implementation Workshop - EPA Sponsored Discussion Panel Chicago August 7th 2003
- Rogers P.G. “The Clean Air Act of 1970” EPA Journal January February 1990
- Flynn, P.F. Durrett R.P. Hunter G.L. Zurloye A. Akinyemi O.C. Dec J.E. Westbrook C.K. “Diesel Combustion: An Integrated View Combining Laser Diagnostics, Chemical Kinetics, and Empirical Validation,” SAE 1999-01-0509 1999
- Caddy SJ ‘Variable Geometry Turbocharger Control’ 1996
- Cummins, C.L. “Oil Engine” Mechanical Unit Injector November 17 1925
- “Delphi E3 Diesel Electronic Unit Injector”
- Creveling C.M. Slutsky J.L. Antis D. ‘Design for Six Sigma in Technology and Product Development’ Prentice Hall 0-13-009223-1 Pearson Education 2003
- Ricart, L. Xin J Bower, G.R. Reitz R.D. “In-Cylinder Measurement and Modeling of Liquid Fuel Spray Penetration in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine,” SAE 971591 1997
- Barths, H. Antoni C. Peters N. “Three-Dimensional Simulation of Pollutant Formation in a Di Diesel Engine Using Multiple Interactive Flamelets,” SAE 982459 1998
- Hikosaka, N. 1997 “A View of The Future of Automotive Diesel Engines” SAE 972682
- Aceves, S.M. Flowers D.L. Martinez-Frias, J. Smith J.R. Dibble R. Au M. Girard J. 2001 “HCCI Combustion: Analysis and Experiments” SAE 2001-01-2077
- Neely, G.D. Sasaki S. Leet J.A. Experimental Investigation of PCCI-DI Combustion on Emissions in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine SAE World Congress and Exhibition Detroit, Michigan March 2004 Paper No. SAE 2004-01-0121 2004
- Wall, J.C. Hoekman S.K. 1984 “Fuel Composition Effects on Heavy-Duty Diesel Particulate Emissions” Soc. Auto. Eng. Paper No. 841364
- Cobb, D. et al. 1991 “Application of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for NOx Reduction From Refinery Combustion Sources” Environmental Progress 10 49
- Hammerle, R. 2003 “Urea SCR and DPF System for Diesel Sport Utility Vehicle Meeting Tier II Bin 5” US DOE, 9th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Conference (DEER) Newport, RI August 2003
- Hirata, K. Masaki N. Ueno H. Akagawa H. 2005 “Development of Urea-SCR System for a Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles” SAE 2005-01-1860
- Walker, A.P. Blakeman P.G. Ilkenhans T. Magnusson B. McDonald A.C. Kleijwegt P. Stunnenberg F. Sanchez M. 2004 “The Development and In-Field Demonstration of Highly Durable SCR Catalyst Systems” SAE 2004-01-1289
- Walker, A.P. et al. 2003 “The Development and Performance of the Compact SCR-Trap System: A 4-Way Diesel Emission Control System” SAE 2003-01-0778
- Havenith, C. Verbeek R.P. 1997 “Transient Performance of a Urea DeNOx Catalyst for Low Emissions Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines” SAE 970185
- Miller W.R. et al. 2000 “The Development of Urea-SCR Technology for US Heavy Duty Trucks” SAE 2000-01-0190
- Block, M.C. Clark N. Wayne W.S. Nine R. Miller W. 2005 “An Investigation into the Emissions Reduction Performance of an SCR System Over Two Years' In-Use Heavy-Duty Vehicle Operation” SAE 2005-01-1861
- DMGK 2003 “AdBlue as a Reducing Agent for the Decrease of NOx Emissions from Diesel Engines of Commercial Vehicles” Research Report 616-1 DGMK Hamburg, Germany September 2003
- DMGK 2005 “AdBlue as a Reducing Agent for the Decrease of NOx Emissions from Diesel Engines of Commercial Vehicles. Part 2: Laboratory and Field Testing of AdBlue Logistics” Research Report 616-2 DGMK Hamburg, Germany
- Tanaka, T. 2001 “Simultaneous Reduction of PM and NOx - A New After-Treatment System” 216 228
- Yamaguchi, J. 2001 “Toyota diesel catalytic converter” Automotive Engineering February 2001 81 84
- Hachsuka I. et al. “Deactivation Mechanism of NOx Storage-Reduction Catalyst and Improvement of Its Performance” SAE 2000-01-1196
- DECSE 2000 “Phase II Summary Report: NOx Adsorber Catalysts” U.S. DOE October 2000
- Cooper, B.J. Thoss J.E. 1989 “Role of NO in Diesel Particulate Emission Control” SAE 890404
- Kittelson, D.B. Watts W.F. Johnson J. 2002 “Diesel Aerosol Sampling Methodology - CRC E-43: Final Report” University of Minnesota Report for the Coordinating Research Council 19 August 2002
- Jung Heejung Kittelson David B. Zachariah Michael R. “The Influence of Engine Lubricating Oil on Diesel Nanoparticle Emissions and Kinetics of Oxidation” SAE Paper 2003-01-3179
- Young, D.M. Hickman D.L. Bhatia G. Gunasekaran N. 2004 “Ash Storage Concept for Diesel Particulate Filters” SAE 2004-01-0948
- Ogyu, K. Ohno K. Hong S.e Komori T. 2004 “Ash Storage Capacity Enhancement of Diesel Particulate Filter” SAE 2004-01-0949
- DePetrillo, F. et al. 2002 “Rypos Trap Active Diesel Particulate Filter System: Field Demonstration” US DOE, 8th Diesel Emissions Reduction Conference (DEER) San Diego, CA August 2002
- Gautam M. Popuri S. Rankin B. Seehra M. 1999 “Development of A Microwave Assisted Regeneration System for A Ceramic Diesel Particulate System” SAE 1999-01-3565
- Zelenka, P. Telford C. Pye D. Birkby N. 2002 “Development of a Full-Flow Burner DPF System for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines” SAE 2002-01-2787
- California Code of Regulations (CCR [CARB]), Title 13, Section 1968.1 - Malfunction and Diagnostic Requirements - 1994 and Subsequent Model Year Passenger Cars, Light Duty Trucks, and Medium Duty Vehicles and Engines (OBD-2)
- Code of Federal Regulations (CFR [EPA]), Title 40, Part 86, Section 86.094-17 - Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines; Regulations Requiring On-Board Diagnostic Systems on 1994 and Later Model Year Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks (OBD)