This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Santos™: A New Generation of Virtual Humans
Technical Paper
2005-01-1407
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Presented in this paper is an on-going project to develop a new generation of virtual human models that are highly realistic in terms of appearance, movement, and feedback (evaluation of the human body during task execution). Santos™ is an avatar that exhibits extensive modeling and simulation capabilities. It is an anatomically correct human model with more than 100 degrees of freedom. Santos™ resides in a virtual environment and can conduct human-factors analysis. This analysis entails, among other things, posture prediction, motion prediction, gait analysis, reach envelope analysis, and ergonomics studies. There are essentially three stages to developing virtual humans: (1) basic human modeling (representing how a human functions independently), (2) input functionality (awareness and analysis of the human’s environment), and (3) intelligent reaction to input (memory, reasoning, etc.). This paper addresses the first stage. Specifically, we discuss a new human model in terms of mechanics and appearance. We present an optimization-based approach to kinematic and dynamic motion analysis. This approach allows the avatar to operate with complete autonomy rather than with dependence on stored animations and data, or restrictions associated with inverse kinematics. With dynamic analysis, it is not necessary to solve equations of motion. A novel approach for determining reach envelopes is also presented, and this approach provides a unique tool for ergonomic studies. Methods for evaluating the physiological status of the virtual human as tasks are completed are discussed. Finally, additional on-going research is summarized. The result is an exciting step towards a virtual human that is more extensive and more complete than any other.
Recommended Content
Authors
- Jingzhou Yang - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Tim Marler - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- HyungJoo Kim - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Kimberly Farrell - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Anith Mathai - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Steven Beck - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Karim Abdel-Malek - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Jasbir Arora - Virtual Soldier Research (VSR) Program, Center for Computer Aided Design, The University of Iowa
- Kyle Nebel
Topic
Citation
Yang, J., Marler, T., Kim, H., Farrell, K. et al., "Santos™: A New Generation of Virtual Humans," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1407, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-1407.Also In
References
- Abdel-Malek, K. Yang, J. Mi, Z. Patel, V.C. Nebel, K 2004 “Human Upper Body Motion Prediction,” The IASTED International Conference on Applied Simulation and Modeling (ASM) Rhodes, Greece
- Arora, J.S. 2004 Introduction to Optimal Design 2nd ed. Elsevier San Diego, CA
- Åstrand, Per-Olof Rodahl, K. 1970 Textbook of WorkPhysiology McGraw Hill
- Badler, N. O’Rourke, J. Toltzis, H 1979 “A Spherical Representation of a Human Body for Visualizing Movement,” Proc. IEEE 67 10 1397 1403
- Badler, N.I. Phillips, C.B. Webber, B.L. 1993 Simulating Humans Oxford University Press
- Badler, N. Palmer, M.S. Bindiganavale, R. 1999 “Animation Control for Real-Time Virtual Humans,” Comm. ACM 42 8 64 73
- Bapu, P. Evans, S. Kitka, P. Korna, M. McDaniel, J 1980 User’s Guide for Combiman Programs, version 4 University of Dayton Research Institute Dayton, Ohio
- Blakeley, F.M. 1980 CYBERMAN Chrysler Corp. Detroit, Mich
- Denavit, J Hartenberg, R.S. 1955 “A Kinematic Notation for Lower-pair Mechanisms Based on Matrices,” Journal of Applied Mechanics 77 215 221
- Engelen, M. Porszasz, J. Riley, M. Wasserman, K. Maehara, K. Barstow, T.J. 1996 “Effects of Hypoxic Hypoxia on Oxygen Uptake and Heart Rate Kinetics during Heavy Exercise,” Journal of appliedphysiology 81 6 2500 2508
- Emering, L. Boulic, R. Balcisoy, S. Thalmann, D 1997 “Real-Time Interactions with Virtual Agents Driven by Human Action Identification,” First ACM Conf. on Autonomous Agents’97 Los Angeles -Marina Del Rey 476 477
- Farrell, K. Marler, R. T. 2004 “Optimization-Based Kinematic Models for Human Posture,” University of Iowa
- Fetter, W.A. 1982 “A Progression of Human Figures Simulated by Computer Graphics,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 2 9 9 13
- Frankenfield, D.C. Rowe, W.A. Cooney, R.N. Smith, J. 2003 “Validation of Several Established Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Obese and Non-obese People,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103 9 1152 9
- Gill, P. Murray, W. Saunders, A 2002 “SNOPT: An SQP Algorithm for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization,” SIAM Journal of Optimization 12 4 979 1006
- Harris, R. Bennett, J. Dow, L 1980 CAR-II - A Revised Model for Crew Assessment of Reach, technical report 1400.06B, Analytics Willow Grove, Pa
- Hermansen, L. Ekblom, B. Saltin, B 1970 “Cardiac Output During Submaximal and Maximal Treadmill and Bicycle Exercise Journal of Applied Physiology 29 1 82 86
- Kim J. Abdel-malek, K. Mi, Z. Nebel, K 2004 “Layout Design Using an Optimization-based Human Energy Consumption Formulation,” SAE Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering June 15–17 Rochester, Michigan
- Kingsley, E.C. Schofield, N.A. Case, K 1981 “SAMMIE - A Computer Aid for Man-Machine Modeling,” Computer Graphics 15 3 163 169
- Lamb, D.R. 1978 Physiology of Exercise Macmillan Publishing Co
- Margaria, R. Cerretelli, P. Veicsteinas, A 1970 “Estimation of Heart Stroke Volume from Blood Hemoglobin and Heart Rate at Submaximal Exercise,” Journal of Applied Physiology 29 2 204 207
- Marler, R.T. 2004 “Development of an Orientation-Constraint for Human Posture-Prediction,” University of Iowa, Virtual Soldier Research Program
- Noser, H. Thalmann, D 1994 Towards Autonomous Synthetic Actors, in: Synthetic Worlds Springer Tokyo Kunii T.L. Luciani A. 143 158
- Noser, H. Thalmann, D 1995 “Synthetic Vision and Audition for Digital Actors,” Proc. Eurographics ‘95, Maastricht 325 336
- Noser, H. Thalmann, D 1996 “The Animation of Autonomous Actors Based on Production Rules,” Proc. Computer Animation ‘96 IEEE Computer Society Press 47 57
- Noser, H 1997 “A Behavioral Animation System Based on L-systems and Synthetic Sensors for Actors,”
- Shunsaku, K. Barstow, T.J. Shiojiri, T. Takaishi, T. Fukuba, Y. Kondo, N. Shibasaki, M. Poole, D.C. 2001 “Effect of Muscle Mass on V o 2 Kinetics at the Onset of Work,” Journal of applied physiology 90 461 468
- Thalmann, D. Boulic, R. Huang, Z. Noser, H 1995 “Virtual and Real Humans Interacting in the Virtual World,” Proc. International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia ‘95 Gifu, Japan 48 57
- Thalmann N. M. Thalmann, D 1990 Computer Animation: Theory and Practice Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo 2nd edition
- Thalmann, N.M. Thalmann, D 1993 Virtual Worlds and Multimedia John Wiley, Chichester
- Thalmann N. M. Thalmann, D. 1996 Interactive ComputerAnimation Prentice Hall
- Vukobratović, M. Borovac, B 2004 “Zero-moment Point-Thirty Five Years of Its Life,” International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 1 1 157 173
- Yang, J. Abdel-Malek, K. Nebel, K 2004a “Restrained and Unrestrained Driver Reach Barriers,” SAE Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering June 15–17 Rochester, Michigan
- Yang, J. Marler, R.T. Kim, H. Arora, J. Abdel-Malek, K 2004b “Multi-objective Optimization for Upper Body Posture Prediction,” 10th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference August Albany, NY