This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Mechanical Properties and Anthropometry of the Human Infant Head
Technical Paper
2004-22-0013
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The adult head has been studied extensively and computationally modeled for impact, however there have been few studies that attempt to quantify the mechanical properties of the pediatric skull. Likewise, little documentation of pediatric anthropometry exists. We hypothesize that the properties of the human pediatric skull differ from the human adult skull and exhibit viscoelastic structural properties. Quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed using the whole head of three human neonate specimens (ages 1 to 11 days old). Whole head compression tests were performed in a MTS servo-hydraulic actuator. Testing was conducted using nondestructive quasi-static, and constant velocity protocols in the anterior-posterior and right-left directions. In addition, the pediatric head specimens were dropped from 15cm and 30cm and impact force-time histories were measured for five different locations: vertex, occiput, forehead, right and left parietal region. The compression stiffness values increased with an increase in velocity but were not significantly different between the anterior-posterior and right-left directions. Peak head acceleration during the head impact tests did not significantly vary between the five different impact locations. A three parameter model that included damping represented the pediatric head impact data more accurately than a simple mass-spring system. The compressive and impact stiffness of the pediatric heads were significantly more compliant than published adult values. Also, infant head dimensions, center of gravity and moment of inertia (Iyy) were determined. The CRABI 6-month dummy impact response was similar to the infant cadaver for impacts to the vertex, occiput, and forehead but dramatically stiffer in lateral impacts. These pediatric head anthropomorphic, compression, and impact data will provide a basis to validate whole head models and compare with ATD performance in similar exposures.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | ADVANCED DESIGNS FOR SIDE IMPACT AND ROLLOVER PROTECTION |
Technical Paper | Cervical Spine Loads Induced in Restrained Child Dummies |
Technical Paper | Dynamic Simulations of Belted Occupants with Submarining |
Authors
- Michael T. Prange - Injury and Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Duke University * Design Research Engineering, Novi, MI
- Jason F. Luck - Injury and Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Duke University * Design Research Engineering, Novi, MI
- Alan Dibb - Injury and Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Duke University * Design Research Engineering, Novi, MI
- Chris A. Van Ee - Injury and Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Duke University * Design Research Engineering, Novi, MI
- Roger W. Nightingale - Injury and Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Duke University * Design Research Engineering, Novi, MI
- Barry S. Myers - Injury and Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Duke University * Design Research Engineering, Novi, MI
Topic
Citation
Prange, M., Luck, J., Dibb, A., Van Ee, C. et al., "Mechanical Properties and Anthropometry of the Human Infant Head," SAE Technical Paper 2004-22-0013, 2004, https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-22-0013.Also In
References
- Burdi, A. Huelke, D. Snyder, R. Lowrey, G. 1969 Infants and children in the adult world of automobile safety design: pediatric and anatomical considerations for design of child restraints Journal of Biomechanics 2 267 280
- CDC 1990 Childhood injuries in the United States American Journal of Diseases of Children 144 6 627 46
- Dobbing, J 1981 The later development of the brain and its vulnerability Scientific Foundations of Paediatrics Davis J. Dobbings, J. Heinemann Medical London
- Fung, Y 1993 Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues Springer-Verlag New York
- Gotschall, C Luchter, S 1999 Head injuries to motor vehicle occupants aged 0–5 years Proc. Child occupant protection in motor vehicle crashes session AAAM and IRCOBI 17 27 Professional Engineering Publishing
- Greenes, D. S. Schutzman, S. A. 1999 Clinical indicators of intracranial injury in head-injured infants Pediatrics 104 4 Pt 1 861 7
- Hodgson, V. Gurdjian, E Thomas, L 1967 Development of a model for the study of head injury Proc. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference 432 443 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Hodgson, V Patrick, L 1968 Dynamic response of the human cadaver head compared to a simple mathematical model Proc. 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference 280 301 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Hodgson, V Thomas, L 1971 Comparison of head acceleration injury indices in cadaver skull fracture Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference 190 206 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Hubbard, R. P. 1971 Flexure of layered cranial bone Journal of Biomechanics 4 4 251 63
- Hubbard, R. P. Melvin, J. W. Barodawala, I. T. 1971 Flexure of cranial sutures Journal of Biomechanics 4 6 491 6
- Irwin, A Mertz, H 1997 Biomechanical basis for the CRABI and Hybrid III child dummies Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 261 272 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- James, H. E. 1999 Pediatric head injury: what is unique and different Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum 73 85 8
- Klinich, K. Hulbert, G. Schneider, L. 2002 Estimating infant head injury criteria and impact response using crash reconstruction and finite element modeling Stapp Car Crash Journal 46 165 194
- Kraus, J. F. Rock, A. Hemyari, P. 1990 Brain injuries among infants, children, adolescents, and young adults American Journal of Diseases of Children 144 6 684 91
- Kriewall, T. McPherson, F. Tsai, A. 1981 Bending properties and ash content of fetal cranial bone Journal of Biomechanics 14 73 79
- Luerssen, T 1993 General characteristics of neurologic injury Pediatric Trauma Eichelberger, M. Mosby Year Book, Inc. St. Louis
- Margulies, S. S. Thibault, K. L. 2000 Infant skull and suture properties: measurements and implications for mechanisms of pediatric brain injury Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122 4 364 71
- McElhaney, J. Roberts, V Hilyard, J 1976 Handbook of Human Tolerance Japan Automobile Research Institute Tokyo,
- McPherson, G. Kriewall, T. 1980 The elastic modulus of fetal cranial Bone: a first step toward understanding of the biomechanics of fetal head molding Journal of Biomechanics 13 9 16
- Meirovitch, L 2001 Fundamentals of Vibrations McGraw-Hill Boston
- Melvin, J 1995 Injury Assessment Reference Values for the CRABI 6-Month Infant Dummy in a Rear-Facing Infant Restraint with Airbag Deployment SAE 950872 . Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
- Mertz, H 1985 Biofidelity of the Hybrid III head SAE 851245 . Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
- Mertz, H. Irwin, A. Melvin, J. W. Stalnaker, R. L. Beebe, M. S. 1989 Size, weight and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies Automotive Frontal Impacts 133 144 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Myers, B. S. 1997 An evaluation of a helmet standard for children, United States Consumer Product Safety Commission 11711 11747
- Nightingale, R. W. McElhaney, J. H. Richardson, W. J. Myers, B. S. 1996 Dynamic responses of the head and cervical spine to axial impact loading Journal of Biomechanics 29 3 307 18
- Ommaya, A. Yarnell, P. Hirsch, A Harris, E 1967 Scaling of experimental data on cerebral concussion in sub-human primates to concussion threshold for man Proc. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference 73 80 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Ono, K. Kikuchi, A. Nakamura, M. Kobayashi, H Nakamura, N 1980 Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using subhuman primates and human cadaver skulls. Proc 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference 103 160 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Prasad, P Daniel, R 1984 A biomechanical analysis of head, neck, and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden torso acceleration Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference 25 40 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Ridgway, E. B. Weiner, H. L. 2004 Skull deformities Pediatric Clinics of North America 51 2 359 87
- Schneider, L. Lehman, R. Pflug, M Owings, C 1986 Size and shape of the head and neck from birth to four years University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Ann Arbor, MI
- Thibault, K. Margulies, S. 1998 Age-dependent material properties of the porcine cerebrum: effect on pediatric inertial head injury criteria Journal of Biomechanics 31 1119 1126
- Thomas, L. Sezgin, Y. Hodgson, V. Cheng, L Gurdjian, E 1968 Static deformation and volume changes in the human skull Proc. 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference 260 270 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA.
- Walker, L. Harris, E Pontius, U 1973 Mass, volume, center of mass, and mass moment of inertia of head and head and neck of human body Proc. 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference 525 537 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA