This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effects of Oxygenates on Soot Processes in DI Diesel Engines: Experiments and Numerical Simulations
Technical Paper
2003-01-1791
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This paper explores soot and soot-precursor formation characteristics of oxygenated fuels using experiments and numerical simulations under direct-injection diesel engine conditions. The paper strives to achieve four goals: 1)to introduce the “oxygen ratio” for accurate quantification of reactant-mixture stoichiometry for both oxygenated and non-oxygenated fuels; 2) to provide experimental results demonstrating that some oxygenates are more effective at reducing diesel soot than others; 3) to present results of numerical simulations showing that detailed chemical-kinetic models without complex fluid mechanics can capture some of the observed trends in the sooting tendencies of different oxygenated fuels; and 4) to provide further insight into the underlying mechanisms by which oxygenate structure and in-cylinder processes can affect soot formation in DI diesel engines.
The oxygenates that were studied are di-butyl maleate (DBM) and tri-propylene glycol methyl ether (TPGME). Experiments were conducted in a constant-volume combustion vessel and a single-cylinder DI diesel engine, each with extensive optical access. Numerical simulations were conducted using detailed chemical-kinetic mechanisms for combustion of the oxygenated fuels in a homogeneous-reactor configuration. Both the experimental and the numerical approaches showed that fuels containing the TPGME oxygenate are more effective at reducing soot than those containing the DBM oxygenate. Detailed chemical-kinetic analysis showed that over 30% of the oxygen in DBM is unavailable for eliminating soot precursors. Fuel oxygenation and enhanced charge-gas entrainment are investigated as in-cylinder soot-reduction strategies. Fuel oxygenation to a given mixture stoichiometry with either TPGME or DBM is found to be more effective at reducing soot than enhancing the entrainment of oxygen from the charge gases. The two strategies can be used together to achieve non-sooting combustion. The results suggest that jet-wall and multiple-jet interactions in an engine could produce regions that are conducive to soot formation, providing an extra challenge for soot reduction as non-sooting conditions are approached.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Mueller, C., Pitz, W., Pickett, L., Martin, G. et al., "Effects of Oxygenates on Soot Processes in DI Diesel Engines: Experiments and Numerical Simulations," SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1791, 2003, https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1791.Also In
References
- Miyamoto, N. Ogawa, H. Nurun, N. Obata, K. Arima, T. “Smokeless, Low NOx, High Thermal Efficiency, and Low Noise Diesel Combustion with Oxygenated Agents as Main Fuel,” SAE Paper 980506 SAE Trans. 107 171 177 1998
- Curran, H.J. Fisher, E.M. Glaude, P.A. Marinov, N.M. Pitz, W.J. Westbrook, C.K. Layton, D.W. Flynn, P.F. Durrett, R.P. zur Loye, A.O. Akinyemi, O.C. Dryer, F.L. “Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Diesel Combustion with Oxygenated Fuels,” SAE Paper 2001-01-0653 SAE Trans. 110 2001
- Gonzalez, M.A. Piel, W. Asmus, T. Clark, W. Garbak, J. Liney, E. Natarajan, M. Naegeli, D.W. Yost, D. Frame, E. Wallace, J.P. “Oxygenates Screening for Advanced Petroleum-Based Diesel Fuels: Part 2. The Effect of Oxygenate Blending Compounds on Exhaust Emissions,” SAE Paper 2001-01-3632 SAE Trans. 110 2001
- Musculus, M.P. Dec, J.E. Tree, D.R. “Effects of Fuel Parameters and Diffusion Flame Lift-Off on Soot Formation in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 2002-01-0889 2002
- Choi, C.Y. Reitz, R.D. “An Experimental Study on the Effects of Oxygenated Fuel Blends and Multiple Injection Strategies on DI Diesel Engine Emissions,” Fuel 78 1303 1317 1999
- Flynn, P.F. Durrett, R.P. Hunter, G.L zur Loye, A.O. Akinyemi, O.C. Dec, J.E. Westbrook, C.K. “Diesel Combustion: An Integrated View Combining Laser Diagnostics, Chemical Kinetics, and Empirical Validation,” SAE Paper 1999-01-0509 SAE Trans. 108 1999
- Mueller, C.J. Martin, G.C. “Effects of Oxygenated Compounds on Combustion and Soot Evolution in a DI Diesel Engine: Broadband Natural Luminosity Imaging,” SAE Paper 2002-01-1631 2002
- Stoner, M. Litzinger, T.A. “Effects of Structure and Boiling Point of Oxygenated Blending Compounds in Reducing Diesel Emissions,” SAE Paper 1999-01-1475 1999
- Siebers, D.L “Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays,” SAE Paper 980809 SAE Trans. 107 1998
- Higgins, B.S. Mueller, C.J. Siebers, D.L. “Measurements of Fuel Effects on Liquid-Phase Penetration in DI Sprays,” SAE Paper 1999-01-0519 SAE Trans. 108 1999
- Siebers, D.L. Higgins, B.S. “Flame Lift-Off on Direct-Injection Diesel Sprays Under Quiescent Conditions,” SAE Paper 2001-01-0530 SAE Trans. 110 2001
- Higgins, B.S. Siebers, D.L. “Measurement of the Flame Lift-Off Location on DI Diesel Sprays Using OH Chemiluminescence,” SAE Paper 2001-01-0918 SAE Trans. 110 2001
- Dec, J.E. “A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging,” SAE Paper 970873 SAE Trans. 106 1319 1348 1997
- Dec, J.E. Kelly-Zion, P.L. “The Effects of Injection Timing and Diluent Addition on Late-Combustion Soot Burnout in a DI Diesel Engine Based on Simultaneous 2-D Imaging of OH and Soot,” SAE Paper 2000-01-0238 2000
- Pickett, L.M. Siebers, D.L. “An Investigation of Diesel Soot Formation Processes Using Micro-Orifices,” Proc.Comb.Inst. 29 655 662 2002
- Pickett, L.M. Siebers, D.L. Combust Flame 2003
- Miles, P.C. Megerle, M. Sick, V. Richards, K. Nagel, Z. Reitz, R.D. “The Evolution of Flow Structures and Turbulence in a Fired HSDI Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 2001-01-3501 2001
- Kuo, K.K. Principles of Combustion John Wiley and Sons New York 1986
- Mueller, C.J. Musculus, M.P. Pickett, L.M. Pitz, W.J. Westbrook, C.K. “The Oxygen Ratio: A Fuel-Independent Measure of Reactant-Mixture Stoichiometry,” 2003
- Zumdahl, S.S. Chemistry D.C. Heath and Company Lexington, Massachusetts 1989
- Latimer, W.M. Hildebrand, J.H. Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry Macmillan New York 1951
- Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology John Wiley & Sons New York 1994
- Natarajan, M. Frame, E. Naegeli, D.W. Asmus, T. Clark, W. Garbak, J. Gonzalez, M.A. Liney, E. Piel, W. Wallace, J.P. “Oxygenates for Advanced Petroleum-Based Diesel Fuels: Part 1. Screening and Selection Methodology for the Oxygenates,” SAE Paper 2001-01-3631 SAE Trans. 110 2001
- Fisher, E.M. Pitz, W.J. Curran, H.J. Westbrook, C.K. “Detailed Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms for Combustion of Oxygenated Fuels,” Proc.Comb.Inst. 28 1579 1586 2000
- Curran, H.J. Fischer, S.L. Dryer, F.L. “The Reaction Kinetics of Dimethyl Ether. II. Low Temperature Oxidation in Flow Reactors,” Int.J.Chem.Kinetics 32 741 759 2000
- Fischer, S.L. Dryer, F.L. Curran, H.J. “The Reaction Kinetics of Dimethyl Ether. I. High-Temperature Pyrolysis and Oxidation in Flow Reactors,” Int.J.Chem.Kinetics 32 713 740 2000
- Kaiser, E.W. Wallington, T.J. Hurley, M.D. Platz, J. Curran, H.J. Pitz, W.J. Westbrook, C.K. “Experimental and Modeling Study of Premixed Atmospheric-Pressure Dimethyl Ether-Air Flames,” J.Phys.Chem. A 104 8194 8206 2000
- Pitz, W.J. Westbrook, C.K. Mueller, C.J. manuscript in preparation 2003
- Siebers, D.L. “Scaling Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays Based on Mixing-Limited Vaporization,” SAE Paper 1999-01-0528 SAE Trans. 108 1999
- Naber, J.D. Siebers, D.L. “Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays,” SAE Paper 960034 SAE Trans. 105 82 111 1996
- Lund, C.M. Chase, L. “HCT - A General Computer Program for Calculating Time-Dependent Phenomena Involving One-Dimensional Hydrodynamics, Transport, and Detailed Chemical Kinetics,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-52504 1995
- Glassman, I. “Soot Formation in Combustion Processes,” Proc.Comb.Inst. 22 295 311 1988
- McEnally, C.S. Pfefferle, L.D. “Species and Soot Concentration Measurements in a Methane/Air Nonpremixed Flame Doped with C4 Hydrocarbons,” Combust. Flame 115 81 92 1998
- Good, D.A. Francisco, J.S. “Tropospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Dimethyl Ether and Methyl Formate,” J.Phys.Chem. A 104 1171 1185 2000