This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
On Automotive Disc Brake Squeal Part I: Mechanisms and Causes
Technical Paper
2003-01-0683
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The understanding, prediction and prevention of brake squeal is a difficult and challenging problem because of the large number of design variables involved in a complex brake system and many operational and environmental conditions under which squeal may occur. The design variables may have different optimal values and different contribution trends for different brake systems. Since the 1930's, much progress has been made in gaining physical insight into brake squeal mechanisms and causes, and brakes have become quieter. However, the recurring occurrence of disc brake squeal indicates that our understanding of the phenomenon is both insufficient and incomplete, and that brake squeal is still a quality issue in the automotive industry and its prevention is far from reality. Part I of this series of articles first reviews the various hypotheses put forth for brake squeal mechanisms and causes. Subsequently, it discusses some refined thoughts, and new results obtained from recently developed test/analysis methods by which the unified hypotheses are proposed.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | On Automotive Disc Brake Squeal Part III Test and Evaluation |
Technical Paper | Disc Brake Squeal: Diagnosis and Prevention |
Technical Paper | An Investigative Overview of Automotive Disc Brake Noise |
Authors
Topic
Citation
Chen, F., Quaglia, R., and Tan, C., "On Automotive Disc Brake Squeal Part I: Mechanisms and Causes," SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0683, 2003, https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0683.Also In
References
- Nishiwaki M. “Review of Study on Brake Squeal” JSAE Review 11 4 48 54 1990
- Crolla D. A. Lang A. M. “Brake Noise and Vibration - The State of the Art” Proc. of the 17 th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology 567 572 1990
- Ibrahim R. A. “Friction-Induced Vibration, Chatter, Squeal, and Chaos, Part I: Mechanics of Contact and Friction” ASME Applied Mechanics Review 47 7 209 226 1994
- Ibrahim R. A. “Friction-induced Vibration, Chatter, Squeal, and Chaos, Part II: Dynamics and Modeling” ASME Applied Mechanics Review 47 7 227 253 1994
- Yang S. Gibson R. F. “Brake Vibration and Noise: Reviews, Comments and Proposed Considerations” Proceedings of the 14 th International Modal Analysis Conference II 255 274 1996
- Tan C. A. Kang B. “A Study on the Root Causes of Disc Brake Squeal” Wayne State University, Technical Report # Tan/Tr-98-02 1998
- Papinniemi A. Lai J. C. S. Zhao J. Loader L. “Brake Squeal: A Literature Review” Applied Acoustics 63 4 391 400 2002
- Yuan Y. “On Brake Squeal Mechanisms” Internal Technical Report 1993
- Kinkaid N. M. O'Reilly O. M. Papadopoulos P. “Automotive Disc Brake Squeal: A Review” Journal of Sound and Vibration 2002
- Rhee S. K. Tsang P. H. S. Wang Y. S. “Friction-Induced Noise and Vibration of Disc Brakes” Wear 133 39 45 1989
- Adams G. G. “Steady Sliding of Two Elastic Half-Spaces With Friction Reduction due to Interface Stick-Slip” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics 65 470 475 1998
- Adams G. G. “Radiation of Body Waves Induced by the Sliding of an Elastic Half-Space Against a Rigid Surface” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics 67 1 5 2000
- Ko P.L. Brockley C. A. “The Measurement of Friction and Friction-Induced Vibration” ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology Oct. 543 549 1970
- Brockley C. A. Ko P. L. “Quasi-Harmonic Friction-Induced Vibration” ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology Oct. 550 556 1970
- Spurr R. T. “A Theory Of Brake Squeal” Proc. Auto. Div. Instn. Mech Eng. 1961-1962 1 33 52 1961
- Jarvis R. P. Mills B. “Vibration Induced by Dry Friction” Proc. of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 178 847 866 1963-1964
- Earles S. W. E. Lee C. K. “Instability Arising from the Friction Interaction of a Pin-Disc System Resulting in Noise Generation” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry 98 81 86 1976
- Earles S. W. E. Badi M. N. M. “Oscillatory Instabilities Generated in a Double-Pin and Disc Undamped System: A Mechanism of Disc Brake Squeal” Proc. of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 198C 43 50 1984
- Millner N. “An Analysis Of Disc Brake Squeal” SAE 780332 1978
- North M. R. “Disc Brake Squeal - A Theoretical Model” Tech. Report 1972/5 MIRA 1972
- North M. R. “Disc Brake Squeal in Braking of Road Vehicles” Auto. Div. Of the Institution of Mech. Engineers 169 176 1976
- Haessig, D. A. Jr. Friedland B. “On the Modeling and Simulation of Friction” ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 113 354 362 1991
- Schallamach A. “How Does Rubber Slide?” Wear 17 301 312 1971
- Rhee S. K. Jacko M. G. Tsang P. H. S. “The Role of Friction Film in Friction, Wear and Noise of Automotive Brakes” Wear 146 89 97 1991
- Odani N. Kobayashi M. Kakihara K. “Effects of Transferred Surface Film on μ Behavior of Disc Brake Pad in Humidity Environment” SAE 1999-01-3391 1999
- Sherif H. A. “Effect of Contact Stiffness on the Establishment of Self-Excited Vibrations” Wear 141 227 234 1991
- Eriksson M. Bergman P. Jacobson S. “A Study of Initialization and Inhibition of Disc-Brake Squeal” International Conference on Automotive Braking, Brakes 2000 Barton D. Earle S. 29 39 2000
- Ohkawa S. Kuse T. Kawasaki N. Shibata A. Yamashita M. “Elasticity - An Important Factor of Wet Friction Materials” SAE 911775 1991
- Kobayashi M. Odani N. “Study on Stabilization Friction Coefficient of Disc Brake Pads in Cold Condition” SAE 973030 1997
- Miyoshi K. Buckley D. H. “Effects of Water Vapor on Friction and Deformation of Polymeric Magnetic Media in Contact with a Ceramic Oxide” Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Systems Bushan B. et al STLE SP_16 27 34 1984
- Miyoshi K. Buckley D. H. “Friction and Deformation Behavior of Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide” NASA TP-1053 1977
- Miyoshi K. Maeda C. Masuo R. “Development of a Torsion Balance for Adhesion Measurements” IMEKO XI: Instrumentation for the 21 st Century, Proc. Of the 11 th Triennial World Congress of the International Measurement Confederation, Instrument Society of America 233 248 1988
- Pilipchuck V. N. Tan C. A. “Investigation of a Friction-Induced Source of Excitation in Disc Brake Systems” ASME, Symposium on Dynamics, Acoustics and Simulations Sponsored by The Technical Committee on Vibration and Sound IMECE New Orleans 2002
- Oden J. T. Martins J. A. C. “Models and Computational Methods for Dynamic Friction Phenomena” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 52 345 370 1985
- Hess D. P. Soom A. “Normal and Angular Motions at Rough Planar Contacts During Sliding with Friction” ASME Journal of Tribology 114 567 578 1992
- Dweib A. H. D'Souza A. F. “Self-Excited Vibrations Induced by Dry Friction, Part I: Experimental Study” Journal of Sound and Vibration 137 163 175 1990
- D'Souza A. F. Dweib A. H. “Self-Excited Vibrations Induced by Dry Friction, Part II: Stability and Limit-Cycle Analysis” Journal of Sound and Vibration 137 177 190 1990
- Karpenko Y. A. “Dynamics of Dry Sliding Contact: Interface Forces and Surface Topography” Carnegie Mellon University 2000
- Baba H. Okade M. Takeuchi T. “Study on Reducing Low Frequency Brake Squeal - From Model Analysis of Mounting Bracket” SAE 952697 1995
- Ishihara N. Nishiwaki M. Shimizu H. “Experimental Analysis of Low Frequency Brake Squeal Noise” SAE 962128 1996
- Kido I. Kurahashi T. Asai M. “A Study on Low Frequency Brake Squeal Noise” SAE 960993 1996
- Matsushima T. Nishiwaki M. Masumo H. Ito S. “FEM Analysis of Low Frequency Disc Brake Squeal” SAE 973020 1997
- Denou Y. Nishiwaki M. “First Order Analysis of Low Frequency Disc Brake Squeal” SAE 2001-01-3136 2001
- Kumemura Y. Gamo Y. Kono K. Suga S. “Analysis for Reducing Low Frequency Squeal of Disc Brake” SAE 2001-01-3137 2001
- Chen F. Chern J. Swayze J. “Modal Coupling and Its Effect on Brake Squeal” SAE 2002-01-0922 2002
- Matsuzaki M. Izumihara T. “Brake Noise Caused by Longitudinal Vibration of the Disc Rotor” SAE 930804 1993
- Hideyuki Kai Toshitaka Suga Haruhisa Baba “Study on Reduction of Brake Squeal Caused by In plane Vibration of Rotor” JSAE Conf. Proc. Paper No. 9833566 1998-5
- Dunlap K. Brent Riehle M. A. Longhouse R. E. “An Investigative Overview of Automotive Disc Brake Noise” SAE 1999-01-0142 1999
- Chen F. Chen S. E. Harwood P. “In-Plane Mode, Friction Process & Their Contribution to Disc Brake Squeal at High Frequency” SAE 2000-01-2773 2000
- Haruhisa Baba Takahisa Wada Takashi Takagi “Study on Reduction Squeal Caused by In-Plane Vibration on Rotor” SAE 2001-01-3158 2001
- Shi T. S. Dessouki O. Warzecha T. Chang W. K. Jayasundera A. “Advances in Complex Eigenvalue Analysis for Brake Noise” SAE 2001-01-1603 2001
- Park C. Han M. G. Cho S. S. Choi H. G. Jeong J. D. Lee J. M. “A Study on the Reduction of Disc Brake Squeal Using Complex Eigenvalue Analysis” SAE 2001-01-3141 2001
- Tzou K. I. Wickert J. A. Akay A. “In-Plane Vibration Modes of Arbitrarily Thick Disks” Joural of Vibration and Acoustics, Transactions of the ASME 120 384 391 1998
- Gui-Lan Y. Yue-Sheng W. “In-plane Motion Induced by an SH Pulse at a Frictional Contact Surface” Mech. Res. Commun. 25 203 210 1998
- Bengisu T. Akay A. “Stability of Friction-Induced Vibration in Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems” Joural of Sound and Vibration 171 557 570 1994
- Akay A. Wickert J. Xu Z. “Investigating Criteria for the Onset of Mode Lock-in” Tech Report Carnegie Mellon University 1998
- Akay A. Wickert J. Xu Z. Investigating Mode Lock-in and Friction Interface” Final Research Report Carnegie Mellon University 1 52 2000
- Allgaier R. Gaul L. Keiper W. Willner K. Hoffmann N. “A Study on Brake Squeal Using a Beam-on-Disc Model” IMAC 528 534 2002
- Tworzydlo W. W. Becker E. B. Oden J. T. “Numerical Modeling of Friction Induced Vibrations and Dynamic Instabilites” Applied Mechanics Review 47 7 255 274 1994
- Yuan Y. “A Study of the Effects of Negative Friction-speed Slope on Brake Squeal” ASME Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. 3 1153 1162 1995
- Yuan Y. “An Eigenvalue Analysis Approach to Brake Squeal Problems” Proc. of Dedicated Conference on Automotive Braking Systems, 29 th ISATA 1 9 Florence, Italy June 1996
- Tworzydlo W. W. Hamzeh O. N. Zaton W. Judek T.J. “Friction Induced Oscillations of a Pin-on-Disc Slider: Analystical and Experimental Studies” Wear 236 9 23 1999
- Tuchinda A. Hoffmann N. P. Ewins D. J. “Effect of Pin Finite Width on Instability of Pin-On-Disc Systems” IMAC 552 557 2002
- Earles S. W. E. Chambers P. W. “Disc Brake Squeal Noise Generation: Predicting Its Dependency on System Parameters Including Damping” Int. J. of Vehicle Design 8 538 552 1987
- Ouyang H. Mottershead J. E. Brookfield D. J. James S. Cartmell M. P. Kaster T. Treyde T. Hirst B. Allen R. “Dynamic Instabilities In A Simple Model Of A Car Disc Brake” SAE 1999-01-3409 1999
- Ouyang H. Mottershead J. E. Cartmell M. P. Friswell M. I. “Friction-Induced Parametric Resonances in Discs: Effect of a Negative Friction-Velocity Relationship” Journal of Sound and Vibration 209 2 251 164 1998
- Guan Dihua Jiang Dongying “A Study on Disc Brake Squeal Using Finite Element Methods” SAE 980597 1998
- Abdelhamid Mohamed Khalid “Structual Instability Test/Analysis Of Brake Squeal” SAE 951281 1995
- Kung Shih-Wei Dunlap K. Brent Ballinger Robert S. “Complex Eigenvalue Analysis for Reducing Low Frequency Brake Squeal” SAE 2000-01-0444 2000
- Liles G. D. “Aanalysis of Disc Brake Squeal Using Finite Element Methods” SAE 891150 1989
- Swayze J. L. Akay A. “Effects of System Dynamics on Friction-Induced Oscillations” Journal Sound and Vibration 173 5 599 609 1994
- Mottershead J. E. Chan S. N. “Flutter Instability of Circular Discs with Frictional Follower Forces” ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 117 1 1616 163 1995
- Blaschke P. Tan M. Wang A. “On the Analysis of Brake Squeal Propensity Using Finite Element Method” SAE 2000-01-2765 2000
- Yang F. Tan C. A. Chen F. “Identification of In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Modal Coupling Mechanism in Brake Squeal by the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method” SAE 2003
- Yang F. Tan C. A. Chen F. “Application of the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method to the Identification of Disc Brake Squeal” ASME International Mechanical Engineering Conference and Exposition , Symposium on Dynamics, Acoustics and Simulations New Orleans 17-22 November 2002
- Lewis T. M. Shah P. “Analysis and Control Brake Noise” SAE 872240 1987
- McDaniel J. G. Moore J. Chen S.E. Clarke C.L. “Acoustic Radiation Models of Brake Systems from Stationary LDV Measurements” Prco. Of the 1999 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition Nov. 1999
- Flint J. “Modeling of High-Frequency Disc-Brake Squeal” The International Conference on Brakes Barton D. Earle S. 2000
- Heppes P. “Brake Squeal Reduction by the Design of the Interface Caliper - Friction Pads - Brake Shoe Holder” The International Conference on Brakes 2000, Automotive Braking - Technologies for 21 st Century Barton D. Earle S. 19 28 2000
- Heppes P. “Noise Insulators for Brake Squeal Reduction - Influence and Selection of the Damping Material” The 2 nd International Seminar on Automotive Braking Barton D. Haigh M. 15 26 1998
- Singh R. Sheikh A. A. Mitchell M.J. “Viscoelastic Damping to Control Disc Brake Squeal” Sound and Vibration Oct. 18 22 1988
- Fieldhouse J. D. Rennison M. “The Value of Noise Fix Shims - A case Study” The 2 nd International Seminar on Automotive Braking Barton D. Haigh M. 27 47 1998
- Nishikawa M. Gouya M. “Study on Brake Noise (4 th Report, Influnce of Damping on Dics Brake Groan)” Transactions of the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers 56 527 1777 1781 1990
- Palmer B.B. Weintraub M.H. “The Role of Engineered Cashew Particles on Performance” International Conference on Automotive Braking - Technologies for the 21 st Century Barton D. Earle S. 2000
- Chargin M. L. Dunne L. W. Herting D. N. “Nonlinear Dynamics of Brake Squeal” Finite Element in Analysis and Design 28 69 82 1997
- Fash J. W. Dalka T. M. Hartsock D. L. Hecht R. L. Karthik R. “Characterization of Automotive Friction Behavior Using Small Specimens” The 2 nd International Seminar on Automotive Braking Barton D. Haigh M. 113 126 1998
- Loh W. Y. Basch R. H. Li D. Sanders P. “Dynamic Modeling of Brake Friction Coefficients” SAE 2000-01-2753 2000
- Tabor D. “Friction - The Present State of Our Understanding” ASME J. Lubrication Technology 103 169 179 1981
- Crisfield M. A. “A Review of Contact and Friction in Finite Element Analysis” Birniehill, East Kilbridge, Glasgow NAFEMS 1992
- Sokoloff J. B. “Theory of Atomic Level Sliding Friction Between Ideal Crystal Ibterfaces” J. Appl. Phys 72 4 1262 1270 1992
- Sokoloff J. B. “Fundamental Mechanisms for Energy Dissipation at Small Solid Sliding Surfaces” Wear 167 59 68 1993
- Pollock H. Singer I. “Fundamentals of Friction” 1992
- Armstrong-H-Louvry B. Dupont P. Canudas De Wit C. “A Survey of Methods, Analysis Tools and Compensation Methods for the Control of Machines with Friction” Automatica 30 7 1083 1138 1994
- Bhushan B. Israelachvili J. N. Landman U. “Nanotribology: Friction, Wear and Lubrication at the Atomic Scale” Nature 374 13 607 616 1995
- Bengisu M. T. Akay A. “Relation of Dry Friction to Surface Roughness” ASME Journal of Tribology 119 18 25 1997
- Feeny B. Guran A. Hinriches N. Popp K. “A Historical Review on Dry Friction and Stick-slip Phenomena” Appl. Mech. Rev. 51 5 1998
- Qelik C. E. Akay A. “Dissipation in Solids: Thermal Oscillations of Atoms” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 1 184 191 2000
- Tolstoi D. M. “Significance of the Normal Degree of Freedom and Natural Normal Vibrations in Contact Friction” Wear 10 199 213 1967
- Weiss Michael Elmer Franz-Josef “Dry Friction in the Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson Model: Dynamical Properties” Z. Phys. B 104 55 69 1997
- Matsushima T. Kikuchi N. “Study of Disc Brake Squeal Analyzed by Lubrication Theory” SAE 9531651 1995
- Vielsack P. Spiess H. “Sliding of a Mass on an Inclined Driven Plane with Randomly Varying Coefficient of Friction” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics 67 112 116 2000
- Heslot F. Baumberger T. Perrin B. Caroli B. Caroli C. “Creep, Stick-slip, and Dry-friction Dynamics: Experiments and a Heuristic Model” Physical Review E 49 6 4973 4988 1994
- Yi Y. B. Du S. Barber J. R. Fash J. W. “Effect of Geoemtry on Thermoelastic Instability in Disc Brakes and Clutches” ASME Journal of Tribology 121 661 666 1999
- Lee K. “Frictionally Excited Thermoelastic Instability in Automotive Drum Brakes” ASME Journal of Tribology 122 849 855 2000
- Ei-Butch A. M. Ibrahim I. M. “Modeling and Analysis of Geometrically Induced Vibration in Disc Brakes Considering Contact Parameters” SAE 1999-01-0143
- Fieldhouse J. D. “A Study of the Interface Pressure Distribution Between Pad and Rotor, the Coefficient of Friction and Caliper Mounting Geometry with Regard to Brake Noise” The International Conference on Brakes 2000, Automotive Braking - Technologies for 21 st Century Barton D. Earle S. 1 18 2000
- Ouyang H. J. Nack W. V. Yuan Y. Chen F. “On Automotive Disc Brake Squeal Part II: Simulation and Analysis” SAE 2003-01-0684 2003
- Chen F. Abdelhamid M. K. Blaschke P. Swayze J. “On Automotive Disc Brake Squeal Part III: Test and Evaluation” SAE 2003
- Chen F. Brown G.M. Marchi M.M. “Recent Advance on Brake Noise and Vibration Engineering Using Laser Metrology” Optical Engineering May 2003