This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids: A Review
Technical Paper
1999-01-2865
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
There is an ongoing interest in biodegradable hydraulic fluids. Biodegradable fluids are often considered to include only vegetable oils, polyol esters and diester base stocks. However, other fluid base stocks including highly refined mineral oils, poly(alpha olefins) and fire-resistant fluids such as water-glycol hydraulic fluids are also biodegradable fluid alternatives. This paper will provide an overview of the international literature on biodegradable fluids, various international testing protocol, fluid base stocks, effect of oxidative stability, material compatibility and pump performance.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids and Related Lubricants |
Technical Paper | Biodegradable and Nontoxic Hydraulic Oils |
Technical Paper | Diesel Fuel - Availability, Trends and Performance |
Authors
Citation
Totten, G., Bishop, R., Kling, G., and Reichel, J., "Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids: A Review," SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-2865, 1999, https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-2865.Also In
References
- Henry J.A. “Review - Composition and Toxicity of Petroleum Products and Their Additives” Human & Experimental Toxicology 1998 17 111 123
- Jones N. “Managing Used Oil” Lubes ‘N’ Greases 1996 2 6 20 23
- Mustokoff M.M. Baylinson J.E. “No Case is too Small” Hydraulics & Pneumatics 1995 February 35 37
- Eichenberger H.F. “Biodegradable Hydraulic Lubricant - An Overview of Current Developments in Central Europe” SAE Technical Paper Series Paper Number 910962 1991
- Meni J. “Selection of an Environmentally Friendly Hydraulic Fluid for Use in Turf Equipment” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 941759 1994
- Ohkawa S. “Rough Road Ahead for Construction Machinery Lubes” Lubes ‘N’ Greases 1995 1 2 20 23
- Harms H.H. Meyer H.J. “Ecologically Oriented Agricultural Machinery Development” Sae Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981992 September 1998
- Ahola P.M. “Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids in the Forest” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number, 981517 April 1998
- Erdman K.D. Kling G.H. Tharp D.E. “High Performance Biodegradable Fluid Requirements for Mobile Hydraulic Systems” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981518 1998
- Mang T. “Environmentally Friendly Biodegradable Lube Base Oils - Technical and Environmental Trends in the European Market” Adv. Prod. Appl. Lube Base Stocks, Proc. Int. Symp. 1994 66 80
- Chien J.Y. “The Dirt on Environmentally Friendly Fluids” Hydraulic & Pneumatics 1995 May 47 48
- Hydrick JH “Synthetic vs. Vegetable” Lubr. World 1995 May 25 26
- Padavich R.A. Honary L.A.T. “A Market Research and Analysis Report on Vegetable-Based Industrial Lubricants” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 952077 1995
- Scott S.D. “Biodegradable Fluids for Axial Piston Pumps & Motors - Application Considerations” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 910963 1991
- Asadauskas S.J. Perez J.M. Duda J.L. “Suitability of Basestocks for Biodegradable Lubricants” Prepr. - Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Pet. Chem. 1997 42 1 246 249
- Carpenter J.F. “Biodegradability of Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Basestocks”
- Naegly P.C. “Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants” 1992 Seed Oils Future 14 25
- Honary L.A.T. “Potential Utilization of Soybean Oil as an Industrial Hydraulic Oil” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 941760 1994
- Honary L.A.T. “An Investigation of the Use of Soybean Oil in Hydraulic Systems, Bioresource Technology” 1996 56 41 47
- Honary L.A.T. L.A.T. “Soy-Based Hydraulic Oil: A Step Closer” Off-Highway Engineering 1995 April 15 18
- Honary L. Boeckenstedt R. “Making a Case for Soy-Based Lubricants” Lubric. Eng. 1998 54 7 18 20
- Bünemann T.F. Steverink-de Zoete M.C. van Aken R.P. “Environmentally Acceptable Hydraulic Fluids Based on Natural Synthetic Esters” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981489 April 1998
- Honary, L “Performance of Selected Vegetable Oils in ASTM Hydraulic Tests” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 952075 1995
- Rose B. Honary L. “A Report on the Field Test Performance of a Soybean-Based Hydraulic Oil” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 982005 September 1998
- Grupp Von H. “Biologisch Abbaubare Schmierstoffe - Eine Kritische Durchsicht der Literatur und Betreibserfahrungen” VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 1997 77 1 56 60
- Rhee In-Sik Velez C. Von Bernewitz K. “Evaluation of Environmentally Acceptable Hydraulic Fluids” TARDEC Technical Report No. 13640 U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command Research, Development and Engineering Center Warren, MI 48397-5000 March 1995
- Ohkawa S. Konishi A. Hatano H. Ishihama K. Tanaka K. Iwamura M. “Oxidation and Corrosion Characteristics of Vegetable-Base Biodegradable Hydraulic Oils” SAE Technica Paper Series, Paper Number 951038 1995
- Konishi A. Ohkawa S. Nanba M. Nakamoto N. Yoshida T. “Development of a High Performance Biodegradable Hydraulic Oil for Construction Equipment” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 971632 May 1997
- Omeis J. Bock W. Harperscheid M. “The Development of a Generation of High Performance Biofluids” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981491 April 1998
- Cheng V.M. Galiano-Roth A. Marougy T. Berezinski J. “Vegetable-Based Hydraulic Oil Performance in Piston Pumps” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 941079 1994
- Cheng V.M. Wessol A.A. Baudouin P. Ben-Kinney M.T. Novick M.J. “Biodegradable and Non-Toxic Hydraulic Oils” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 910964 1991
- “Hydraulic Fluids Are Getting More Friendly” Fluid Power 1992 7 68 73
- Goode M.J. Phillips W.D. Placek D. “Triaryl Phosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids - A Reassessment of Their Toxicity and Environmental Behaviour” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 982004 September 1998
- Lewis W.E.F. 1989
- Totten G.E. Webster G.M. “High Performance Thickened Water-Glycol Hydraulic Fluids” Proc. of the 46th National Conference on Fluid Power March 23-24 1994 185 193
- Hewstone R.K. “Environmental Heath Aspects of Additives for the Petroleum Industry” Regulatory Technology and Pharmacology 1985 5 284 293
- Cisson C.M. Rausina G.A. Stonebraker P.M. “Human Health and Environmental Hazard Characterization of Lubricating Oil Additives” Lubr. Sci. 1996 8 2 145 177
- Biggin R.J.C. “Additives for Lubricants with Improved Environmental Compatibility” Adv. Prod. Appl. Lube Base Stocks, Prod. Int. Sump. 1994
- Glancy J.L. Knowlton S. Benson E.R. “Development of a High Oieic Soybean Oil-Based Hydraulic Fluid” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981999 September 1998
- Navette R. DeClercq F. “The Development of Hydraulic Fluids for Earthmoving Machines Complying with Ecolabel Requirements” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981490 April 1998
- Kempermann C. Murrenhoff H. “Reduction of Water Content in Biodegradable and Other Hydraulic Fluids” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number, 981497 April 1998
- “Environmentally Compatible Fluids for Hydraulic Components” Mannesmann Rexroth Technical Bulletin, Number 03 145/05.91
- “Guide to Alternative Fluids” Vickers Technical Bulletin, Technical Bulletin, Number 579 11 92
- “Cat Biodegradable Hydraulic Oil” Caterpillar (BIO HYDO) Product Data Sheet
- Remmelmann A. Murrenhoff H. “Environmentally Acceptable Hydraulic Pressure Media - New Changes for Mobile Hydraulics” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981515 April 1998
- Tumbrick M.B. “Fluid Care as a Tool to Improve the Life Time of Biodegradable Fluids in Mobile Hydraulic Vehicles” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981499 April 1998
- Lämmle P. “Panolin HLP SYNTH - More Than a Decade of Experience” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981492 April 1998
- Cartwright S. Devonshire C. “Filtration of Bio-Degradable Oils in the Earthmoving Industry - 10 Years of Specialist Experience in the Demanding German Market” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981498 April 1998
- Megerlin Krauss, F. Oswald H. “The “Linde-Test” - A Screening Method for Biodegradable Oils with Respect to Copper-Alloy-Corrosion” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981516 April 1998
- Thiel, D. “Experiences With Sealing Materials, Hydraulic and Lubricating Oils and Biologically Decomposable Hydraulic Fluids,” Gepgyartastechnologia 1993 33 9-10 433 441
- Reichel J. “Importance of Mechanical testing of Hydraulic Fluids” Tribology of Hydraulic Pump testing, Eiders Totten G.E. Kling G.H. Smolenski American Soc. Testing & Materials 329 337 Conshohaden, PA 1996
- Rieglert J. Kassfeldt E. “Performance of Environmentally Adapted Hydraulic Fluids at Boundary Lubrication” Elastohydrodynamics '96 Dowson D. et.al. 1997 Elsivier Science 467 473
- Hèry S. Battersby N.S. “Development and Applications of Environmentally Acceptable Hydraulic Fluids” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981493 April 1998
- Kagami Y. “Contamination Control in Earthmoving Machines - Hybrid Filter Elements Versus By-Pass Filters - Influence of Biodegradable Oil on Filter Life” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 981501 April 1998
- Busch C. Backè W. “Development and Investigation in Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 932450 1993
- Hoel D.I. “Lubricant Development Meets Biology” ASTM Standardization News 1994 June 42 45
- Hooper D.L. Hoel D.I. “Lubricants, The Environment and ASTM D02” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 961727 1996
- Wilkinson J. “Biodegradable Oils - Design, Performance, Environmental Benefits and Applicability” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 941077 1994
- Baggott J. “Biodegradable Lubricants, Presented at the Institute of Petroleum Symposium: Life Cycle Analysis and Eco-Assessment in the Oil Industry” November 1992
- “Standard Guide for Assessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids” Annual Book of ASTM Standards 05.03 American Society for Testing and Materials Conshohocken, PA
- Feldmann D.G. Hinrichs J. “Evaluation of the Lubrication Properties of Biodegradable Fluids and Their Potential to Replace Mineral Oil in Heavily Loaded Hydrostatic Transmissions” Tribology of Hydraulic Pump Testing, ASTM STP 1310 Totten G.E. Kling G.H. Smolenski D.J. American Society for Testing and Materials 220 229
- Völtz M. Yates N.C. Gegner E. “Biodegradability of Lubricant Base Stocks and Fully Formulated Products” J. Synth. Lubr. Oct. 1995 12 3 215 230
- Girling A.E. “Preparation of Aqueous Media for Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Oils and Oil -Based Products: A Review of the Published Literature” Chemosphere 1989 19 10 11 1635 1641
- Szabo J.B. “Test Methods to Judge the Eco-Compatibility of Lubricants” Synth/Lubr. 1998 14 4 331 345
- Singh M.P. Chatwal V.K. Rawat B.S. Sastry M.I.S. Srivastava S.P. Bhatnagar A.K. “Environmentally Friendly Base Fluids for Lubricants” Adv. Prod. Appl. Lube Base Stocks, Proc. Int. Symp. Singh H. Rao P. T.S.R. Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi, India 1994 362 370
- Kiovsky T.E. Murr T. Voeltz M. Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids and Related Lubricants SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 942287 1994
- Clark D.G. “The Toxicology of Some Typical Lubricating Oil Additives” Erdol und Kohle 1978 31 12 584
- Haigh S.D. “Determination of Synthetic Lubricant Concentrations in Soil During Laboratory-Based Biodegradation” J. Synth. Lubric. 1994 11 2 83 93
- Haigh S.D. “Fate and Effects of Synthetic Lubricants in Soil: Biodegradation and Effect on Crops in Field Studies” The Sci. of the Total Environ. 1995 168 71 83
- Henke R. Increased Use of “ECOFLUIDS” May Put a Veggie in Your Hydraulic Reservoir” Diesel Progress, Engines & Drives 1994 September 7 9
- OECD standards and methods are available from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2 Rue Andre Pascal, S-75775, Paris, CEDEX 16
- Totten G.E. Cerf J. Bishop R.J. Webster G.M. “Recent Results of Biodegradability and Toxicology of Water-Glycol Hydraulic Fluids” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 972789 1997
- Fischer H. “Environmental Labeling in German Award Criteria for Hydraulic Fluids” SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper Number 941078 1994
- “Environmental Choice, Brochure available from: Environmental Choice” Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3
- “Standard Classification of Hydraulic Fluids for Environmental Impact” American Society for Testing and Materials West Conshohocken, PA
- “Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components” Annual Book of ASTM Standards 05.03 American Society for Testing and Materials Conshohocken, PA 1135 1141
- Fluidtechnik, Biologish schnell abbaure Druckflüssigkeiten, Technische Mindestanforderungen Marz 1994