This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Composition of Spark Ignition Engine Steady State Particulate Emissions
Technical Paper
1999-01-1143
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The contribution of spark ignition engine particulate emissions to total particulate emissions and the published data on SI engine emission levels are reviewed. There is a wide spread of published data and the worst SI engines would exceed the future diesel particulate emissions regulations. However, most modern SI engines with a catalyst will easily meet the future diesel particulate emissions regulations, although their particulates emissions are a significant fraction of these regulations. Steady state lambda 1 results are presented for a Ford Zetec SI engine at conditions representative of the urban driving cycle at 5 and 10kW power output and also at WOT. The impact of a cold start and EGR at the two low power conditions was also investigated. The particulate emissions for petrol were of the order of 5% of the future (2005) diesel emissions regulations and were approximately 20 mg/kg fuel (about 2 mg/mile or 1.3 mg/km). This was much lower than all reported results for particulate emissions for SI engines over a FTP or EC test cycle, indicating that the highest emissions were generated during transient operation. Analysis of the particulates showed that the bulk of the mass was ash and the second largest fraction was unburnt lubricating oil. Carbon emissions were only significant at high power WOT with fuel enrichment, at other conditions carbon was less than 10% of the total mass. At WOT rich operation the highest particulate emissions were recorded and these were 10 times the level at the 5 and 10 kW conditions and about 50% of the EC 2005 diesel particulate levels.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Andrews, G. and Ahamed, F., "The Composition of Spark Ignition Engine Steady State Particulate Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1143, 1999, https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1143.Also In
References
- Black, F. An overview of the technical implications of methanol and ethanol as highway motor vehicle fuels SAE Paper 912413 , SAE SP-889, SAE Trans. 100 1991
- QUARG Diesel Vehicle Emissions and Urban Air Quality Dec. 1993
- DoE Quoted in Energy World No. 240 1996
- Ball IMechE Conference C337/87 1987
- Ball Atmospheric Environment 17 169 1983
- Olsson, L. Motor vehicle pollution control and regulations for Sweden SAE Paper 871081 , SAE SP-718, SAE Trans. 96 1987
- QUARG Urban Air Quality in the UK Jan. 1993
- COMEAP Non-Biological Particles and Health HMSO 1995
- Williams, R.L. Swarin, S.J. Benzo(a)pyrene emissions from gasoline and diesel automobiles SAE Paper 790419 , SAE Trans. 88 1979
- Leyrer, J. Lox, E.S. Ostgathe, K. Catalytic reduction of NOx with hydrocarbons under lean diesel exhaust gas conditions SAE Paper 930735 1993
- Siegl, W.O. Zinbo, M. Korniski, T.J. Rickert, J.F.O. Chaldek, E. Paputa Peck, M.C. Weir, J.E. Schuetxzle, D. Jensoen, T.E. Air toxics; A comparison of the gas and particle phase emissions from a high emitter vehicle with those from a normal emitter vehicle SAE Paper 940581 1994
- Ricardo Johnson Matthey Catalyst brochure 1995
- Laveskog, A. Emissions of unregulated compounds from five different gasoline qualities IMechE C517/024/96, Int. Sem. Applications of Powertrain and Fuel Technologies to meet Emissions Standards MEP 1996
- Env. Sci. Tech. 27 808 851 1993
- Kittleson, D. B. Dolan. D.F. Beaver, M.C. Exhaust particle size distribution produced by diesel and spark ignition enignes - comparison of theory and experiment Combustion Institute, US Central States Section 1979, CSS/CI-79-09
- Ahamed, F.M. Andrews, G.E. Aviss, N.J. Jones, D. A comparison of SI Engine Particulate Emissions for Gasoline and Natural Gas IMechE Seminar on Automotive Fuels for the 21 st Century MEP 59 75 1997
- Wood, C.D. Research needs for diesel engines SAE Paper 881178 , SAE Trans. 97 1989
- Moon, D.P. Donald, J.R. UK Research Programme on the Characterisation of Vehicle Particulate Emissions, ETSU-R98 AEA Technology Sept 1998
- Heinze, P. A study of the number size and mass of exhaust particles emitted from European diesel and gasoline vehicles under steady state and European driving cycle conditions, Concawe Report No. 98/51 Feb. 1998
- Graskow, B.R. Kittleson, D.B. Abdul-Khalek, I.S. Ahmadi, M.R. Morris, J.E. Characterisation of exhaust particulate emissions from a Spark Ignition engine SAE Paper 980528 1988
- Seaton, A. MacNee, W. Donaldson, K. Godden, D. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects The Lancet 345 176 178 1995
- Ahivik, P. Eriandsson, L. Laveskog, A. The influence of block heaters on the emisions from gasoline fueled cars with varying emission control technology at low ambient temperatures SAE Paper 970747 , SP-1248 73 90 1997
- Ahivik, P. Eriandsson, L. Laveskog SAE Paper 972708 1997
- Osses, M Clarke, P. Andrews, G.E. Ounzain, A. Robertson, G. Enhanced exhaust gas recirculation using exhaust throttling for NOx reduction at WOT, IMechE C517/011/96 1996
- Andrews, G.E. Osses, M. Desai. M. Haralamnidis, E. Ounzain, A. Robertson, G. IMechE S433/010/96 1996
- Abbass, M.K. Andrews, G.E. Williams, P.T. Bartle, K.D. Diesel particulate composition changes along an air cooled exhaust pipe and dilution tunnel SAE Paper 890789 1989
- Abbass, M.K. Abdel Hamid, S.M. Andrews, G.E. Williams, P.T. Comparison of methods for the determination of the SOF of diesel particulates and development of a rapid TGA method for the estimation of the unburnt fuel and lubricating oil fractions I.Mech.E. Seminar on Experimental Methods in Engine R & D 109 114 1991
- Andrews, G.E. Abdelhalim, S. Williams, P.T. The influence of lubricating oil age on emissions from an IDI diesel SAE Paper 931003 1993
- Elamir, I.E. Andrews, G.E. Williams, P.T. Determination of diesel engine lubricating oil consumption through analysis of the calcium in diesel particulates IMechE Seminar, Experimental Methods in Engine R & D 171 180 MEP 1991
- Andrews, G.E. Harris, J.R. Ounzain, A. SI engine warm-up: water and lubricating oil temperature influences SAE Paper 892103 , SAE SP 799 129 147 1989
- Andrews, G.E. Harris, J.R. Ounzain, A. The role of cooling water and lubricating oil temperatures on transient emissions during SI engine warm-up The 2nd International COnference on New Developments in Powertrain and Chassis Engineering Strasburg July 1989 IMechE paper C382/015 37 50 1989
- Andrews, G.E. Elamir, I.E. Abdelhalim, S. Ahamed, F.M. Shen, Y. The measurement of lubricating oil combustion efficiency using diesel particulate analysis SAE Paper 980523 1998
- Dockery, D.W. Pope, C.A. Xu, X. Spengler, J.D. Ware, J.H. Ray, M.E. Ferris, B.G. Speizer, F.E. An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities Massachusetts Medical Society J. Medicine 329 24 1753 1759 1993
- Shin, Y. Cheng, W.K. Engine-out dry particulate matter emissions form SI engines SAE Paper 972890
- Ball, J.C. Emissions rates and elemental composition of particles collected form 1995 Ford vehicles using the urban dynamometer driving schedule, the highway fuel economy test, and the US06 driving cycle SAE Paper 972914 1987