This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Scaling Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays Based on Mixing-Limited Vaporization
Technical Paper
1999-01-0528
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A scaling law for the maximum penetration distance of liquid-phase fuel in a diesel spray (defined as the liquid length) was developed by applying jet theory to a simplified model of a spray. The scaling law accounts for injector, fuel, and in-cylinder thermodynamic conditions on liquid length, and provides significant insight into the fuel vaporization process. As developed, the scaling law is valid for single-component fuels, but can be used to model multi-component fuels through use of single-component surrogate fuels.
Close agreement between the scaling law and measured liquid length data over a very wide range of conditions is demonstrated. The agreement suggests that vaporization in sprays from current-technology, direct-injection (DI) diesel injectors is limited by mixing processes in the spray. The mixing processes include entrainment of high-temperature air and the overall transport and mixing of fuel and air throughout the spray cross-section. An implication of mixing limited vaporization is that the processes of atomization and the ensuing interphase transport of mass and energy at droplet surfaces are not limiting steps with respect to fuel vaporization in DI diesel sprays.
The scaling law provides a fundamental baseline on liquid fuel penetration and vaporization in diesel sprays that can be compared with the vaporization aspects of the multi-dimensional diesel spray models under development. The scaling law can also provide design guidance on the expected maximum extent of liquid-phase fuel penetration in engines. Application of the scaling law to a heavy-duty and a light-duty DI diesel shows that liquid-phase fuel impingement on piston bowl walls is not a serious concern in heavy-duty engines using a typical diesel fuel, as observed previously through experiments, but may be an issue in light-duty engines.
Recommended Content
Topic
Citation
Siebers, D., "Scaling Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays Based on Mixing-Limited Vaporization," SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0528, 1999, https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0528.Also In
References
- Siebers, D. L. “Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays,” SAE Paper 980809 1998
- Browne, K. R. Partridge, I. M. Greeves, G. “Fuel Property Effects on Fuel/Air Mixing in an Experimental Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 860223 1986
- Kamimoto, T. Yokota, H. Kobayashi, H. “Effect of High Pressure Injection on Soot Formation Processes in a Rapid Compression Machine to Simulate Diesel Flames,” Transactions of the SAE 96 4.783 4.791 1987
- Hodges, J. T. Baritaud, T. A. Heinze, T. A. “Planar Liquid and Gas Fuel and Droplet Size Visualization in a DI Diesel Engine,” Transactions of the SAE 100 1284 1302 1991
- Bower, G. R. Foster, D. E. “The Effect of Split Injection on Fuel Distribution in an Engine-Fed Combustion Chamber,” Transactions of the SAE 102 1187 1202 1993
- Yeh, C.-N. Kamimoto, T. Kobori, S. Kosaka, H. “2-D Imaging of Fuel Vapor Concentration in a Diesel Spray via Exciplex-Based Fluorescence Technique,” SAE Paper 932652 1993
- Espey, C. Dec, J. E. “The Effect of TDC Temperature and Density on the Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in a D.I. Diesel Engine,” Transactions of the SAE 104 1400 1414 1995
- Canaan, R. E. Dec, J. E. Green, G. M. Daly, D. T. “The Influence of Fuel Volatility on the Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in a Heavy-Duty D.I. Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 980510 1998
- Naber, J. D. Siebers, D. L. “Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays,” Transactions of the SAE 105 82 111 1996
- Abramovich, R. G. N. The Theory of Turbulent Jets MIT Press 586 600 1963
- Thring, M. W. Newby, M. P. “Combustion Length of Enclosed Turbulent Jets,” 4th Symposium on Combustion 789 796 1953
- Wakuri, Y. Fujii, M. Amitani, T. Tsuneya, R. “Studies of the Penetration of Fuel Spray in a Diesel Engine,” Bulletin of JSME 3 9 1960
- Hays, W. J. Personal Communication March 1995
- Adler, D. Lyn, W-T. “The Evaporation and Mixing of a Liquid Fuel Spray in a Diesel Air Swirl,” Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs. 184 171 180 1970
- Witze, P. O. “Hot-Film Anemometer Measurements in a Starting Turbulent Jet,” AIAA Journal 21 2 308 309 1983
- Tomita, E. Hamamoto, Y. Tsutsumi, H. Yoshiyama, S. “Measurement of Ambient Air Entrainment into Transient Free Gas Jet by Means of Flow Visualization,” SAE Paper 950056 1995
- Newman, J. A. Brzustowski, T. A. “Behavior of a Liquid Jet Near the Thermodynamic Critical Region,” AIAA Journal 9 8 1595 1602 1971
- El Wakil, M. M. Myers, P. S. Uyehara, O. A. “Fuel Vaporization and Ignition Lag in Diesel Combustion,” Transactions of the SAE 64 712 729 1956
- Heywood, J. B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals McGraw-Hill Publishing New York, NY 1988
- Kuo, K. K. Principles of Combustion John Wiley and Sons New York, NY 1986
- Hiroyasu, H. Arai, M. “Structure of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines,” Transactions of the SAE 99 1050 1061 1990
- Varde, K. Popa, D. Varde, L. “Spray Angle and Atomization in Diesel Sprays,” Transactions of the SAE 93 779 787 1984
- Reitz, R. D. Bracco, F. “On the Dependence of Spray Angle and Other Spray Parameters on Nozzle Design and Operating Conditions,” SAE Paper 790494 1979
- Wu, K.-J. Su, C.-C. Steinberger, R. L. Santavicca, D. A. Bracco, F. V. “Measurements of the Spray Angle of Atomizing Jets,” Journal of Fluids Engineering 105 406 413 1983
- Lefebvre, A. Atomization and Sprays Hemisphere Publishing Company New York 1989
- Bracco, F. V. “Modeling of Engine Sprays,” Transactions of the SAE 94 144 167 1985
- Higgins, B. S. Mueller, C. J. Siebers, D. L. “Measurements of Fuels Effects on Liquid-Phase Penetration in DI Sprays,” SAE Paper 1999-01-0519 1999
- Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining American Petroleum Institute (API) Washington D. C. 1997
- Lee, B. I. Kesler, M. G. “A Generalized Thermodynamic Correlation Based on Three-Parameter Corresponding States,” AIChE Journal 21 3 510 527 1975
- Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation Daubert, T. E. Danner, R. P. Design Institute for Physical Property Data (DIPPR) American Institute of Chemical Engineers Taylor and Francis Washington D. C. 1998
- Prausnitz, J. M. Lichtenthaler, R. N. Azevedo, E. G. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria 2nd Prentice-Hall Publishing Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1986
- Curtis, E. W. Uludogan, A. Reitz, R. D. “A New High Pressure Droplet Vaporization Model for Diesel Engine Modeling,” SAE Paper 952431 1995
- Varnavas, C. Assanis, D. “A High Temperature and High Pressure Evaporation Model for the KIVA-3 Code,” SAE Paper 960629 1996
- Hohmann, S. Klingsporn, M. Renz, U. “An Improved Model to Describe Spray Evaporation Under Diesel-Like Conditions,” SAE Paper 960630 1996
- Chavez, H. Knapp, M. Kubitzek, A. Obermeier, F. Schneider, T. “Experimental Study of Cavitation in the Nozzle Hole of Diesel Injectors Using Transparent Nozzles,” SAE Paper 950290 1995
- Soteriou, C. Andrews, R. Smith, M. “Direct Injection Diesel Sprays and the Effect of Cavitation and Hydraulic Flip on Atomization,” SAE Paper 950080 1995