Wireless Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey
Abstract:
Vehicular communications face unique security issues in wireless communications.
While new vehicles are equipped with a large set of communication technologies,
product life cycles are long and software updates are not widespread. The result
is a host of outdated and unpatched technologies being used on the street. This
has especially severe security impacts because autonomous vehicles are pushing
into the market, which will rely, at least partly, on the integrity of the
provided information.
We provide an overview of the currently deployed communication systems and their
security weaknesses and features to collect and compare widely used security
mechanisms. In this survey, we focus on technologies that work in an ad hoc
manner. This includes Long-Term Evolution mode 4 (LTE-PC5), Wireless Access in
Vehicular Environments (WAVE), Intelligent Transportation Systems at 5 Gigahertz
(ITS-G5), and Bluetooth. First, we detail the underlying protocols and their
architectural components. Then, we list security designs and concepts, as well
as the currently known security flaws and exploits.
Our overview shows the individual strengths and weaknesses of each protocol. This
provides a path to interfacing separate protocols while being mindful of their
respective limitations.