This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.

Particle Size Distribution Measurements of Neat and Water-Emulsified Oxymethylene Ethers in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Journal Article
04-13-02-0012
ISSN: 1946-3952, e-ISSN: 1946-3960
Published August 24, 2020 by SAE International in United States
Particle Size Distribution Measurements of Neat and Water-Emulsified Oxymethylene Ethers in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Citation: Dworschak, P., Berger, V., Härtl, M., and Wachtmeister, G., "Particle Size Distribution Measurements of Neat and Water-Emulsified Oxymethylene Ethers in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 13(2):187-203, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/04-13-02-0012.
Language: English

References

  1. European Parliament Official Journal of the European Union 2009
  2. European Parliament Official Journal of the European Union 2014
  3. Schubiger , R. , Bertola , A. , and Boulouchos , K. Influence of EGR on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Heavy Duty DI-Diesel Engines Equipped with Common-Rail Injection Systems SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3497 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3497
  4. Akihama , K. , Takatori , Y. , Inagaki , K. et al. Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0655 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0655
  5. Pierpont , D.A. , Montgomery , D.T. , and Reitz , R.D. Reducing Particulate and NO X Using Multiple Injections and EGR in a D.I. Diesel SAE Technical Paper 950217 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/950217
  6. Uchida , N. , Daisho , Y. , Saito , T. , and Sugano , H. Combined Effects of EGR and Supercharging on Diesel Combustion and Emissions SAE Technical Paper 930601 1993 https://doi.org/10.4271/930601
  7. Yu , R.C. , and Shahed , S.M. Effects of Injection Timing and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emissions from a D.I. Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 811234 1981 https://doi.org/10.4271/811234
  8. Mitchell , D.L. , Pinson , J.A. , and Litzinger , T.A. The Effects of Simulated EGR via Intake Air Dilution on Combustion in an Optically Accessible DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 932798 1993 https://doi.org/10.4271/932798
  9. Signer , M. , Heinze , P. , Mercogliano , R. , and Stein , H.J. European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE)-Heavy Duty Diesel Study SAE Technical Paper 961074 1996 https://doi.org/10.4271/961074
  10. Barro , C. , Meyer , P. , and Boulouchos , K. Optical Investigations of Soot Reduction Mechanisms using Post-Injections in a Cylindrical Constant Volume Chamber (CCVC) SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2839 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2839
  11. Bertola , A. , Schubiger , R. , Kasper , A. , Matter , U. et al. Characterization of Diesel Particulate Emissions in Heavy-Duty DI-Diesel Engines with Common Rail Fuel Injection Influence of Injection Parameters and Fuel Composition SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3573 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3573
  12. Johnson , T.V. Review of Vehicular Emissions Trends SAE Int. J. Engines 8 3 1152 1167 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0993
  13. Bagley , S.T. , Baumgard , K.J. , Gratz , L.D. , Johnson , J.H. et al. Characterization of Fuel and Aftertreatment Device Effects on Diesel Emissions Health Effects Institute Research Report 76 1996
  14. Su , D.S. et al. Fullerene-Like Soot from EuroIV Diesel Engine: Consequences for Catalytic Automotive Pollution Control Topics in Catalysis 30/31 241 245 2004
  15. Kunte , S. , Bertola , A. , Obrecht , P. , and Boulouchos , K. Temporal Soot Evolution and Diesel Engine Combustion: Influence of Fuel Composition, Injection Parameters, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation International Journal of Engine Research 7 6 459 470 2006
  16. Mathis , U. , Mohr , M. , Kaegi , R. , Bertola , A. et al. Influence of Diesel Engine Combustion Parameters on Primary Soot Particle Diameter Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 6 1887 1892 2005
  17. Härtl Emissionsreduktion bei Dieselmotoren durch den Einsatz sauerstoffhaltiger Kraftstoffe München Lehrstuhl für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen, Technische Universität München 2015
  18. Donaldson , K. , Li , X. , and MacNee , W. Ultrafine (Nanometre) Particle Mediated lung Injury Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5-6 553 560 1998
  19. Seaton , A. , Godden , D. , MacNee , W. , and Donaldson , K. Particulate Air Pollution and Acute Health Effects The Lancet 345 8943 176 178 1995
  20. Pope , C.A. , Schwartz , J. , and Ransom , M.R. Daily Mortality and PM10 Pollution in Utah Valley Archives of Environmental Health 47 3 211 217 1992
  21. Dockery , D.W. et al. An Association between AIR Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities The New England Journal of Medicine 329 24 1753 1759 1993
  22. McEnally , C.S. , Pfefferle , L.D. , Atakan , B. , and Kohse-Höinghaus , K. Studies of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation Mechanisms in Flames: Progress towards Closing the Fuel Gap Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 3 247 294 2006
  23. Burger , J. , Siegert , M. , Ströfer , E. , and Hasse , H. Poly(Oxymethylene) Dimethyl ETHERS as Components of Tailored Diesel Fuel: Properties, synthesis and Purification Concepts Fuel 89 11 3315 3319 2010
  24. Burger , J. , Ströfer , E. , and Hasse , H. Production Process for DIESEL fuel Components Poly(Oxymethylene) Dimethyl Ethers from Methane-Based Products by Hierarchical Optimization with Varying Model Depth Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91 12 2648 2662 2013
  25. Burger , J. , and Hasse , H. Multi-Objective Optimization Using Reduced Models in Conceptual Design of a Fuel Additive Production Process Chemical Engineering Science 99 12 118 126 2013
  26. Schmitz , N. , Burger , J. , Ströfer , E. , and Hasse , H. From Methanol to the Oxygenated Diesel Fuel Poly(Oxymethylene) Dimethyl Ether: An Assessment of the Production Costs Fuel 185 67 72 2016
  27. Held , M. et al. On the Energetic Efficiency of Producing Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers from CO 2 Using Electrical Energy Energy Environ. Sci. 12 3 1019 1034 2019
  28. BMWi and BMU 2010
  29. European Commission 2011
  30. Schemme , S. , Samsun , R.C. , Peters , R. , and Stolten , D. Power-to-Fuel as a Key to Sustainable Transport Systems - An Analysis of Diesel Fuels Produced from CO 2 and Renewable Electricity Fuel 205 198 221 2017
  31. Burger , J. , Ströfer , E. , and Hasse , H. Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Kinetics of the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Formation of Poly(oxymethylene) Dimethyl Ethers from Methylal and Trioxane Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 39 12751 12761 2012
  32. Sirman , M.B. , Owens , E.C. , and Whitney , K.A. Emissions Comparison of Alternative Fuels in an Advanced Automotive Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2048 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2048
  33. Kenney , T.E. , Gardner , T. , Low , S. , Eckstrom , J. et al. Overall Results: Phase I Ad Hoc Diesel Fuel Test Program SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0151 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0151
  34. Kocis , D. , Song , K. , Lee , H. , and Litzinger , T. Effects of Dimethoxymethane and Dimethylcarbonate on Soot Production in an Optically-accessible DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2795 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2795
  35. Zhu , R. , Miao , H. , Wang , X. , and Huang , Z. Effects of Fuel Constituents and Injection Timing on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-DMM Blends Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 2 3013 3020 2013
  36. Maricq , M.M. , Chase , R.E. , Podsiadlik , D.H. , Siegl , W.O. et al. The Effect of Dimethoxy Methane Additive on Diesel Vehicle Particulate Emissions SAE Technical Paper 982572 1998 https://doi.org/10.4271/982572
  37. Vertin , K.D. , Ohi , J. , Naegeli , D. , Childress , K. et al. Methylal and Methylal-Diesel Blended Fuels for Use in Compression-Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1508 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1508
  38. Ren , Y. et al. Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Diesel/Dimethoxymethane Blends Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219 7 905 914 2005
  39. Iannuzzi , S.E. , Barro , C. , Boulouchos , K. , and Burger , J. Combustion Behavior and Soot Formation/oxidation of Oxygenated Fuels in a Cylindrical Constant Volume Chamber Fuel 167 49 159 2016
  40. Härtl , M. , Seidenspinner , P. , Jacob , E. , and Wachtmeister , G. Oxygenate Screening on a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine and Emission Characteristics of Highly Oxygenated Oxymethylene Ether Fuel OME1 Fuel 153 328 335 2015
  41. Kitamura , T. , Ito , T. , Senda , J. , and Fujimoto , H. Mechanism of Smokeless Diesel Combustion with Oxygenated Fuels Based on the Dependence of the Equivalence Ration and Temperature on Soot Particle Formation International Journal of Engine Research 3 4 223 248 2002
  42. Tree , D.R. , and Svensson , K.I. Soot Processes in Compression Ignition Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33 3 272 309 2007
  43. Curran , H.J. , Fisher , E. , Glaude , P. , Marinov , N. et al. Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Diesel Combustion with Oxygenated Fuels SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0653 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0653
  44. Omari , A. , Heuser , B. , Pischinger , S. , and Rüdinger , C. Potential of Long-Chain Oxymethylene Ether and Oxymethylene Ether-Diesel Blends for Ultra-Low Emission Engines Applied Energy 239 1242 1249 2019
  45. Valentino , G. , and Iannuzzi , S. Effect of Different Fuels Properties on Emissions and Performance of a Light Duty Four-Cylinder Diesel Engine Under Premixed Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2674 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2674
  46. Liu , H. et al. Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (PODE3-4)/Diesel Blends Energy 88 793 800 2015
  47. Svensson , K.I. , Richards , M.J. , Mackrory , A.J. , and Tree , D.R. Fuel Composition and Molecular Structure Effects on Soot Formation in Direct-Injection Flames Under Diesel Engine Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0381 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0381
  48. Kitagawa , H. , Murayama , T. , Tosaka , S. , and Fujiwara , Y. The Effect of Oxygenated Fuel Additive on the Reduction of Diesel Exhaust Particulates SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2020 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2020
  49. Pellegrini , L. , Marchionna , M. , Patrini , R. , Beatrice , C. et al. Combustion Behaviour and Emission Performance of Neat and Blended Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1053 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1053
  50. Pellegrini , L. , Marchionna , M. , Patrini , R. , and Florio , S. Emission Performance of Neat and Blended Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers in an Old Light-Duty Diesel Car SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1035 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1035
  51. Delfort , B. , Durand , I. , Jaecker-Voirol , A. , Lacôme , T. et al. Oxygenated Compounds and Diesel Engine Pollutant Emissions Performances of New Generation of Products SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2852 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2852
  52. Cheng , A.S. , Dibble , R.W. , and Buchholz , B.A. The Effect of Oxygenates on Diesel Engine Particulate Matter SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1705 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1705
  53. Gomez , A. , Sidebotham , G. , and Glassman , I. Sooting Behavior in Temperature-Controlled Laminar Diffusion Flames Combustion and Flame 58 1 45 57 1984
  54. Haynes , B.S. , and Wagner , H. Soot Formation Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 7 4 229 273 1981
  55. Huang , Z.H. et al. Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Dimethoxy Methane Blends Energy Conversion and Management 47 11-12 1402 1415 2006
  56. Ren , Y. et al. Combustion and Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Oxygenate Blends Fuel 87 12 2691 2697 2008
  57. Song , J. , Alam , M. , Boehman , A. , and Kim , U. Examination of the Oxidation Behavior of Biodiesel Soot Combustion and Flame 146 4 589 604 2006
  58. Vander Wal , R.L. , and Mueller , C.J. Initial Investigation of Effects of Fuel Oxygenation on Nanostructure of Soot from a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine Energy Fuels 20 2364 2369 2006
  59. Lautenschütz , L. et al. Physico-Chemical Properties and Fuel Characteristics of Oxymethylene Dialkyl Ethers Fuel 173 129 137 2016
  60. Lautenschütz , L. et al. Corrigendum to “Physico-Chemical Properties and Fuel Characteristics of Oxymethylene Dialkyl Ethers” [Fuel 173 (2016) 129-137] Fuel 209 812 2017
  61. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. 2017
  62. Pélerin , D. , Gaukel , K. , Härtl , M. , Jacob , E. et al. Potentials to Simplify the Engine System Using the Alternative Diesel Fuels Oxymethylene Ether OME1 and OME3−6 on a Heavy-Duty Engine Fuel 259 116231 2020
  63. Iannuzzi , S.E. , Barro , C. , Boulouchos , K. , and Burger , J. POMDME-Diesel Blends: Evaluation of Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Single Cylinder Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Fuel 203 57 67 2017
  64. Hallgren , B.E. , and Heywood , J.B. Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Combustion and Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0648 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0648
  65. Hilden , D.L. , Eckstrom , J.C. , and Wolf , L.R. The Emissions Performance of Oxygenated Diesel Fuels in a Prototype DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0650 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0650
  66. Pellegrini , L. , Patrini , R. , and Marchionna , M. Effect of POMDME Blend on PAH Emissions and Particulate Size Distribution from an In-Use Light-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1951 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1951
  67. Sheng , H.-z. , Chen , L. , and Wu , C.-k. The Droplet Group Micro-Explosions in W/O Diesel Fuel Emulsion Sprays SAE Technical Paper 950855 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/950855
  68. Gunnerman , R.W. , and Russell , R.L. Emission and Efficiency Benefits of Emulsified Fuels to Internal Combustion Engines SAE Technical Paper 978474 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/978474
  69. Subramanian , K.A. , and Ramesh , A. Experimental Investigation on the Use of Water Diesel Emulsion with Oxygen Enriched Air in a DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0205 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0205
  70. Park , J.W. , Huh , K.Y. , and Lee , J.H. Reduction of NOx Smoke and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with Optimal Injection Timing and Emulsion Ratio of Water-Emulsified Diesel Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215 1 83 93 2005
  71. Tsao , K.C. , and Wang , C.L. Puffing and Micro-Explosion Phenomena of Water Emulsion Fuels SAE Technical Paper 860304 1986 https://doi.org/10.4271/860304
  72. Yoshimoto , Y. , Onodera , M. , and Tamaki , H. Reduction of Nox, Smoke, and BSFC in a Diesel Engine Fueled by Biodiesel Emulsion with Used Frying Oil SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3598 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3598
  73. Psota , M.A. , Easley , W.L. , Fort , T.H. , and Mellor , A.M. Water Injection Effects on NOx Emissions for Engines Utilizing Diffusion Flame Combustion SAE Technical Paper 971657 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/971657
  74. Bertola , A. , Li , R. , and Boulouchos , K. Influence of Water-Diesel Fuel Emulsions and EGR on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Heavy Duty DI-Diesel Engines Equipped with Common-Rail Injection System SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3146 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3146
  75. Zaidi , K. , Andrews , G.E. , and Greenhaugh , J.H. Reduction of NOx with Superheated Steam in a DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1157 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1157
  76. Kadota , T. , and Yamasaki , H. Recent Advances in the Combustion of Water Fuel Emulsion Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 28 5 385 404 2002
  77. Bockhorn , H. , Hentschel , J. , Peters , N. , Pittermann , R. et al. Simulation der Partikelemissionen aus Dieselmotoren 5. Dresdner Motorenkolloquium Dresden, Germany 2003 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden (FH)
  78. Hsu , B.D. Combustion of Water-in-Diesel Emulsion in an Experimental Medium Speed Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 860300 1986 https://doi.org/10.4271/860300
  79. Tsukahara , M. , Murayama , T. , and Yoshimoto , Y. Influence of Fuel Properties on the Combustion in Diesel Engine Driven by the Emulsified Fuels Bulletin of JSME 25 202 612 619 1982
  80. Murayama , T. , Tsukahara , M. , Morishima , Y. , and Miyamoto , N. Experimental Reduction of NOx, Smoke, and BSFC in a Diesel Engine Using Uniquely Produced Water (0 - 80%) to Fuel Emulsion SAE Technical Paper 780224 1978 https://doi.org/10.4271/780224
  81. Brettschneider , J. Berechnung des Luftverhältnisses Lambda von Luft-Kraftstoff-Gemischen and des Einflusses von Messfehlern auf Lambda Bosch technische Berichte 6 4 177 186 1979
  82. Aatola , H. , Larmi , M. , Sarjovaara , T. , and Mikkonen , S. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Renewable Diesel Fuel: Trade-off between NOx, Particulate Emission, and Fuel Consumption of a Heavy Duty Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 1251 1262 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2500
  83. Pflaum , H. , Hofmann , P. , Geringer , B. , and Weissel , W. Potential of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Modern Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2010-32-0081 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-32-0081
  84. Zubel , M. , Bhardwaj , O. , Heuser , B. , Holderbaum , B. et al. Advanced Fuel Formulation Approach Using Blends of Paraffinic and Oxygenated Biofuels: Analysis of Emission Reduction Potential in a High Efficiency Diesel Combustion System SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 3 481 492 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-2179
  85. Kuronen , M. , Mikkonen , S. , Aakko , P. , and Murtonen , T. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as Fuel for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-4031 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-4031
  86. Murtonen , T. , Aakko-Saksa , P. , Kuronen , M. , Mikkonen , S. et al. Emissions with Heavy-duty Diesel Engines and Vehicles using FAME, HVO and GTL Fuels with and without DOC+POC Aftertreatment SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2 2 147 166 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2693
  87. Sugiyama , K. , Goto , I. , Kitano , K. , Mogi , K. et al. Effects of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as Renewable Diesel Fuel on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 1 205 217 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1954
  88. Dworschak , P. , Berger , V. , Härtl , M. , and Wachtmeister , G. Neat Oxymethylene Ethers: Combustion Performance and Emissions of OME 2 OME 3 OME 4 and OME 5 in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0805 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0805
  89. Zhu , J. , Lee , K.O. , Yozgatligil , A. , and Choi , M.Y. Effects of Engine Operating Conditions on Morphology, Microstructure, and Fractal Geometry of Light-Duty Diesel Engine Particulates Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30 2 2781 2789 2005
  90. Lee , K.O. et al. Morphological Investigation of the Microstructure, Dimensions, and Fractal Geometry of Diesel Particulates Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29 1 647 653 2002
  91. Mohr , M. , Lehmann , U. , and Margaria , G. ACEA Programme on the Emissions of Fine Particulates from Passenger Cars(2) Part1: Particle Characterisation of a Wide Range of Engine Technologies: Particle Characterisation of a Wide Range of Engine Technologies SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1889 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1889
  92. Kittelson , D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5-6 575 588 1998
  93. Barnes , A. , Duncan , D. , Marshall , J. , Psaila , A. et al. Evaluation of Water-blend Fuels in a City Bus and an Assessment of Performance with Emission Control Devices SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1915 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1915

Cited By