Knock: A Century of Research
Journal Article
03-15-01-0004
ISSN: 1946-3936, e-ISSN: 1946-3944
Sector:
Topic:
Citation:
Corrigan, D. and Fontanesi, S., "Knock: A Century of Research," SAE Int. J. Engines 15(1):57-127, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/03-15-01-0004.
Language:
English
References
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- Leppard , W.R. Individual-Cylinder Knock Occurrence and Intensity in Multicylinder Engines SAE Technical Paper 820074 1982 https://doi.org/10.4271/820074
- Chun , K.M. and Heywood , J.B. Characterization of Knock in a Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 890156 1989 https://doi.org/10.4271/890156
- Iwata , T. , Sakakibara , K. , and Haragucti , H. A New Method to Automatically Optimize the Knock Detection Level in the Knock Control System SAE Technical Paper 891964 1989 https://doi.org/10.4271/891964
- Lee , W. and Schaefer , H.J. Analysis of Local Pressures, Surface Temperatures and Engine Damages under Knock Conditions SAE Technical Paper 600140 1983 https://doi.org/10.4271/830508
- Nakagawa , Y. , Takagi , Y. , Itoh , T. , and Iijima , T. Laser Shadowgraphic Analysis of Knocking in S.I. Engine SAE Technical Paper 845001 1984 https://doi.org/10.4271/845001
- Najt , P.M. Evaluating Threshold Knock with a Semi-Empirical Model—Initial Results SAE Technical Paper 872149 1987 https://doi.org/10.4271/872149
- Spicher , U. and Kollmeier , H.-P. Detection of Flame Propagation During Knocking Combustion by Optical Fiber Diagnostics SAE Technical Paper 861532 1986 https://doi.org/10.4271/861532
- Checkel , M.D. and Dale , J.D. Computerized Knock Detection from Engine Pressure Records SAE Technical Paper 860028 1986 https://doi.org/10.4271/860028
- Ando , H. , Takemura , J. , and Koujina , E. A Knock Anticipating Strategy Basing on the Real-Time Combustion Mode Analysis SAE Technical Paper 890882 1989 https://doi.org/10.4271/890882
- Harrington , J.A. Water Addition to Gasoline-Effect on Combustion, Emissions, Performance, and Knock SAE Technical Paper 820314 1982 https://doi.org/10.4271/820314
- Klimstra , J. The Knock Severity Index - A Proposal for a Knock Classification Method SAE Technical Paper 841335 1984 https://doi.org/10.4271/841335
- Iwashita , Y. and Saito , A. Observation of Knock Using a High Speed Shutter TV Camera System SAE Technical Paper 831696 1983 https://doi.org/10.4271/831696
- Hayashi , T. , Taki , M. , Kojima , S. , and Kondo , T. Photographic Observation of Knock with a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine SAE Technical Paper 841336 1984 https://doi.org/10.4271/841336
- Takagi , Y. , Itoh , T. , and Iijima , T. An Analytical Study on Knocking Heat Release and Its Control in a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 880196 1988 https://doi.org/10.4271/880196
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- Schäpertöns , H. and Lee , W. Multidimensional Modelling of Knocking Combustion in SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 850502 1985 https://doi.org/10.4271/850502
- Zeldovich , Y. Regime Classification of an Exothermic Reaction with Nonuniform Initial Conditions Combustion and Flame 39 2 1980 211 214
- Oppenheim , A.K. The Knock Syndrome—Its Cures and Its Victims SAE Technical Paper 841339 1984 https://doi.org/10.4271/841339
- Oppenheim , A. Dynamic Features of Combustion Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 315 1985 471 508
- Maly , R. and Ziegler , G. Thermal Combustion Modeling — Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Knocking Process SAE Technical Paper 820759 1982 https://doi.org/10.4271/820759
- Cuttler , D. and Girgis , N. Photography of Combustion During Knocking Cycles in Disc and Compact Chambers SAE Technical Paper 880195 1988 https://doi.org/10.4271/880195
- Witze , P.O. , Martin , J.K. , and Borgnakke , C. Measurements and Predictions of the Precombustion Fluid Motion and Combustion Rates in a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 831697 1983 https://doi.org/10.4271/831697
- Gosman , A.D. , Tsui , Y.Y. , and Vafidis , C. Flow in a Model Engine with a Shrouded Valve—A Combined Experimental and Computational Study SAE Technical Paper 850498 1985 https://doi.org/10.4271/850498
- Kent , J.C. , Mikulec , A. , Rimal , L. , Adamczyk , A. et al. Observations on the Effects of Intake-Generated Swirl and Tumble on Combustion Duration SAE Technical Paper 892096 1989 https://doi.org/10.4271/892096
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- Maly , R.R. , Klein , R. , Peters , N. , and Konig , G. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Knock Induced Surface Destruction SAE Technical Paper 900025 1990 https://doi.org/10.4271/900025
- Konig , G. and Sheppard , C.G.W. End Gas Autoignition and Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 902135 1990 https://doi.org/10.4271/902135
- König , G. , Maly , R.R. , Bradley , D. , Lau , A.K.C. et al. Role of Exothermic Centres on Knock Initiation and Knock Damage SAE Technical Paper 902136 1990 https://doi.org/10.4271/902136
- Herweg , R. and Maly , R.R. A Fundamental Model for Flame Kernel Formation in S. I. Engines SAE Technical Paper 922243 1992 https://doi.org/10.4271/922243
- Pan , J. , Sheppard , C.G.W. , Tindall , A. , Berzins , M. et al. End Gas Inhomogeneity, Autoignition and Knock SAE Technical Paper 982616 1998 https://doi.org/10.4271/982616
- Spicher , U. , Kröger , H. , and Ganser , J. Detection of Knocking Combustion Using Simultaneously High-Speed Schlieren Cinematography and Multi Optical Fiber Technique SAE Technical Paper 912312 1991 https://doi.org/10.4271/912312
- Westbrook , C.K. , Pitz , W.J. , and Leppard , W.R. The Autoignition Chemistry of Paraffinic Fuels and Pro-Knock and Anti-Knock Additives: A Detailed Chemical Kinetic Study SAE Technical Paper 912314 1991 https://doi.org/10.4271/912314
- Ronney , P. , Shoda , M. , Waida , S. , Westbrook , C. et al. Knock Characteristics of Liquid and Gaseous Fuels in Lean Mixtures SAE Technical Paper 912311 1991 https://doi.org/10.4271/912311
- Brussovansky , S. , Heywood , J.B. , and Keck , J.C. Predicting the Effects of Air and Coolant Temperature, Deposits, Spark Timing and Speed on Knock in Spark Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 922324 1992 https://doi.org/10.4271/922324
- Nakano , M. , Nakahara , S. , Akihama , K. , Kubo , S. et al. Predictions of the Knock Onset and the Effects of Heat Release Pattern and Unburned Gas Temperature on Torque at Knock Limit in S.I. Engines SAE Technical Paper 952408 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/952408
- Blunsdon , C.A. and Dent , J. The Simulation of Autoignition and Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine with Disk Geometry SAE Technical Paper 940524 1994 https://doi.org/10.4271/940524
- Kalghatgi , G.T. , Snowdon , P. , and McDonald , C.R. Studies of Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine with “CARS” Temperature Measurements and Using Different Fuels SAE Technical Paper 950690 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/950690
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- Golombok , M. , Kalghatgi , G.T. , and Tindall , A. Heat Release and Knock in Paraffinic and Aromatic Fuels and the Effect of an Ashless Anti-knock Additive SAE Technical Paper 952405 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/952405
- Kaneyasu , M. , Kurihara , N. , Katogi , K. , and Tokuda , H. Engine Knock Detection Using Multi-Spectrum Method SAE Technical Paper 920702 1992 https://doi.org/10.4271/920702
- Samimy , B. , Rizzoni , G. , and Leisenring , K.C. Improved Knock Detection by Advanced Signal Processing SAE Technical Paper 950845 1995 https://doi.org/10.4271/950845
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- Stiebels , B. , Schreiber , M. , and Sakak , A.S. Development of a New Measurement Technique for the Investigation of End-Gas Autoignition and Engine Knock SAE Technical Paper 960827 1996 https://doi.org/10.4271/960827
- Liiva , P.M. , Valentine , J.N. , Cobb , J.M. , and Acker , W.P. Use of Multiple Pressure Transducers to Find In-Cylinder Knock Location SAE Technical Paper 922368 1992 https://doi.org/10.4271/922368
- Gschweitl , K. , Gotthard , E. , and Kampitsch , A. Real Time Knock Analysis for Automatic Engine Mapping and Calibration SAE Technical Paper 942399 1994 https://doi.org/10.4271/942399
- Grandin , B. , Ångström , H.-E. , Stålhammar , P. , and Olofsson , E. Knock Suppression in a Turbocharged SI Engine by Using Cooled EGR SAE Technical Paper 982476 1998 https://doi.org/10.4271/982476
- Ueda , T. , Okumura , T. , Sugiura , S. , and Kojima , S. Effects of Squish Area Shape on Knocking in a Four-Valve Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1494 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1494
- Goto , T. , Hatamura , K. , Takizawa , S. , Hayama , N. et al. Development of V6 Miller Cycle Gasoline Engine SAE Technical Paper 940198 1994 https://doi.org/10.4271/940198
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- Anderson , W. , Yang , J. , Brehob , D.D. , Vallance , J.K. et al. Understanding the Thermodynamics of Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Combustion Systems: An Analytical and Experimental Investigation SAE Technical Paper 962018 1996 https://doi.org/10.4271/962018
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- Töpfer , G. , Reissing , J. , Weimar , H.-J. , and Spicher , U. Optical Investigation of Knocking Location on S.I.-Engines with Direct-Injection SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0252 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0252
- Philipp , H. , Hirsch , A. , Baumgartner , M. , Fernitz , G. et al. Localization of Knock Events in Direct Injection Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1199 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1199
- Westin , F. , Grandin , B. , and Ångström , H.-E. The Influence of Residual Gases on Knock in Turbocharged SI-Engines SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2840 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2840
- Stenlåås , O. , Einewall , P. , Egnell , R. , and Johansson , B. Measurement of Knock and Ion Current in a Spark Ignition Engine with and without NO Addition to the Intake Air SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0639 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0639
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- Grandin , B. and Denbratt , I. The Effect of Knock on Heat Transfer in SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0238 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0238
- Grandin , B. , Denbratt , I. , Bood , J. , Brackmann , C. et al. Heat Release in the End-Gas Prior to Knock in Lean, Rich and Stoichiometric Mixtures With and Without EGR SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0239 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0239
- Gogan , A. , Sundén , B. , Lehtiniemi , H. , and Mauss , F. Stochastic Model for the Investigation of the Influence of Turbulent Mixing on Engine Knock SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-2999 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2999
- Sjöberg , M. and Dec , J.E. Effects of Engine Speed, Fueling Rate, and Combustion Phasing on the Thermal Stratification Required to Limit HCCI Knocking Intensity SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-2125 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2125
- Aleiferis , P.G. , Taylor , A.M.K.P. , Whitelaw , J.H. , Ishii , K. et al. Cyclic Variations of Initial Flame Kernel Growth in a Honda VTEC-E Lean-Burn Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1207 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1207
- Zhao , F. , Harrington , D.L. , and Lai , M.D. Automotive Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines Warrendale, PA SAE International 2002 978-0-7680-0882-1
- Yi , J. , Wooldridge , S. , Coulson , G. , Hilditch , J. et al. Development and Optimization of the Ford 3.5L V6 EcoBoost Combustion System SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 2009 1388 1407 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1494
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- Eng , J.A. Characterization of Pressure Waves in HCCI Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2859 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2859
- Bradley , D. and Kalghatgi , G. Influence of Autoignition Delay Time Characteristics of Different Fuels on Pressure Waves and Knock in Reciprocating Engines Combustion and Flame 156 12 2009 2307 2318
- Hyvönen , J. , Haraldsson , G. , and Johansson , B. Operating Conditions Using Spark Assisted HCCI Combustion During Combustion Mode Transfer to SI in a Multi-Cylinder VCR-HCCI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0109 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0109
- Urushihara , T. , Yamaguchi , K. , Yoshizawa , K. , and Itoh , T. A Study of a Gasoline-Fueled Compression Ignition Engine - Expansion of HCCI Operation Range Using SI Combustion as a Trigger of Compression Ignition SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0180 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0180
- Suzuki , T. , Ohara , H. , Kakishima , A. , Yoshida , K. et al. A Study of Knocking Using Ion Current and Light Emission SAE Technical Paper 2003-32-0038 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-32-0038
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- Zhang , Z. and Tomota , E. A New Diagnostic Method of Knocking in a Spark-Ignition Engine Using the Wavelet Transform SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1801 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1801
- Carstens-Behrens , S. , Urlaub , M. , Böhme , J.F. , Förster , J. et al. FEM Approximation of Internal Combustion Chambers for Knock Investigations SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0237 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0237
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- Borg , J.M. , Saikalis , G. , Oho , S. , and Cheok , K.C. Knock Signal Analysis Using the Discrete Wavelet Transform SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0226 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0226
- Borg , J.M. and Alkidas , A.C. Characterization of Autoignition in a Knocking SI Engine Using Heat Release Analysis SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3341 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3341
- Worret , R. , Bernhardt , S. , Schwarz , F. , and Spicher , U. Application of Different Cylinder Pressure Based Knock Detection Methods in Spark Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1668 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1668
- Corti , E. and Moro , D. Knock Indexes Thresholds Setting Methodology SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1508 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-1508
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- Naber , J. , Blough , J.R. , Frankowski , D. , Goble , M. et al. Analysis of Combustion Knock Metrics in Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0400 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0400
- Mittal , V. , Revier , B.M. , and Heywood , J.B. Phenomena that Determine Knock Onset in Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0007 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0007
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- Zhu , G.G. , Haskara , I. , and Winkelman , J. Stochastic Limit Control and Its Application to Knock Limit Control Using Ionization Feedback SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0018 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0018
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- Rothe , M. , Heidenreich , T. , Spicher , U. , and Schubert , A. Knock Behavior of SI-Engines: Thermodynamic Analysis of Knock Onset Locations and Knock Intensities SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0225 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0225
- Kalghatgi , G. Fuel Anti-Knock Quality - Part I. Engine Studies SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3584 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3584
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- Swarts , A. , Yates , A. , Viljoen , C. , and Coetzer , R. Standard Knock Intensity Revisited: Atypical Burn Rate Characteristics Identified in the CFR Octane Rating Engine SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1850 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1850
- Elmqvist , C. , Lindström , F. , Ångström , H.-E. , Grandin , B. et al. Optimizing Engine Concepts by Using a Simple Model for Knock Prediction SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3123 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3123
- Noda , T. , Hasegawa , K. , Kubo , M. , and Itoh , T. Development of Transient Knock Prediction Technique by Using a Zero-Dimensional Knocking Simulation with Chemical Kinetics SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0618 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0618
- Yates , A.D.B. , Swarts , A. , and Viljoen , C.L. Correlating Auto-Ignition Delays and Knock-Limited Spark-Advance Data for Different Types of Fuel SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-2083 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2083
- Mehl , M. , Faravelli , T. , Ranzi , E. , Lucchini , T. et al. Kinetic Modeling of Knock Properties in Internal Combustion Engines SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3239 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3239
- D’Errico , G. , Lucchini , T. , Onorati , A. , Mehl , M. et al. Development and Experimental Validation of a Combustion Model with Detailed Chemistry for Knock Predictions SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0938 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0938
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