This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Translational Energy Criteria: A Validation Study for Non-Fracture Head Impacts
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The development of the Translations Energy Criteria (TEC) has been underway for the last fifteen years. This criteria addresses brain contusion and skull fracture in the Anterior-Posterior (A-P), Left-Right (L-R), and Superior-Inferior (S-I) directions. The object of this strudy was to evaluate the ability of the TEC to predict non-fracture type injuries to the brain in the L-R and A-P directions up to the level of “serious.”
Six unembalmed human cadavers were subjected to one head impact each. Tests one through three were frontal impacts, performed at 1.6, 3.9 and 6.7 m/s respectively. Tests four through six were lateral impacts, performed at 1.9, 3.8 and 6.1 m/s respectively. The impactor weighed 9.05 kg and was fitted with either a rigid or padded surface. The brain was repressurized and the head instrumented with two tri-axial linear accelerometer arrays and one angular velocity transducer. Two high speed motion picture views (1000 frames per second) were taken for each test.
The TEC, expressed in EAIS numbers related to the AIS, has been partially validated, at least up to EAIS equal to 3 and in the A-P and L-R directions. The TEC can be used to evaluate falls and helmets of all types, as well as the interior and exterior of automobiles. The cadavers used in this study were embalmed and submitted for anatomical study by medical students upon completion of this study.
Recommended Content
Citation
Stalnaker, R., Burke, W., and Hines, M., "The Translational Energy Criteria: A Validation Study for Non-Fracture Head Impacts," SAE Technical Paper 973337, 1997, https://doi.org/10.4271/973337.Also In
References
- Slattenschek, A. Tauffkirchen, W. 1970 “Critical Evaluation of Assessment Methods for Head Impact Applied in Appraisal of Brain Injury Hazard, In Particular in Head Impact on Windshields,” International Automobile Safety Conference Compendium 1084 1112
- Brinn, J. Staffeld, S.E. 1970 “Evaluation of Impact Test Accelerations: A Damage Index for the Head and Torso,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 188 202
- Fan, W.R.S. 1971 “Internal Head Injury Assessment,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 645 665
- Gadd, C.W. 1966 “Use of a Weighted-Impulse Criterion for Estimating Injury Hazard,” Proceedings of the Tenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 164 174
- Versace, J. 1971 “A Review of the Severity Index,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 771 796
- Lissner, H.R. Lebow, M. Evans, F.G. 1960 “Experimental Studies on the Relation Between Acceleration and Intracranial Pressure Changes in Man,” Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 111 329 338
- Patrick, L.M. Lissner, H.R. Gurdjian, E.S. 1963 “Survival by Design - Head Protection,” Proceedings of the Seventh Stapp Car Crash Conference 483 499
- Gurdjian, E.S. Hodgson, V.R. Hardy, W.G. Patrick, L.M. Lissner, H.R. 1964 “Evaluation of the Protective Characteristics of Helmets in Sports,” Journal of Trauma 4 309 324
- Stalnaker, R.L. Fogle, J.L. McElhaney, J.H. 1970 “Driving Point Impedance Characteristics of the Head,” Proceedings of the ASME Biomechanical and Human Factors Conference 4 127 139
- Stalnaker, R.L. McElhaney, J.H. Roberts, V.L. 1971 “MSC Tolerance Curve for Human Head Impacts,” Proceedings of the ASME Biomechanical and Human Factors Conference 1 9
- Stalnaker, R.L. Lin, C.A. Guenther, D.A. June 1985 “The Application of the New Mean Strain Criterion (NMSC),” Proceedings of the International IRCOBI/AAAM Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 191 209
- Stalnaker, R.L. Low, T.C. Lin, A.C. 1987 “Translational Energy Criteria and Its Correlation with Head Injury in the Sub-Human Primate,” Proceedings of the 1987 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 223 238
- Stalnaker, R.L. McElhaney, J.H. Snyder, R.G. Roberts, V.L. 1973 “Door Crashworthiness Criteria,” Report DOT HS 800 924 National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA
- Rojanavanich, V. Stalnaker, R.L. 1988 “Parametric Studies of the Translational Head Injury Model,” Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 181 194
- Rojanavanich, V. Stalnaker, R.L. 1989 “Sensitivity Analysis for the Translational Energy Criteria: Overall Head Injuries,” Proceedings of the 1989 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 13 25
- Rojanavanich, V. Stalnaker, R.L. 1991 “A Development of Approximate Impedance Functions to Estimate General Human Head Impact Response for Off-Axis Impacts,” Proceedings of the 1991 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 63 75
- Kessler, J. 1987 “Pedestrian Head Injuries: Reconstruction and Analysis,” ASME Winter Annual Meeting
- MacLaughlin, T.F. Hoyt, T.A. Kessler, J.W. 1988 “Experimental Pedestrian Accident Reconstructions - Head Impacts,” Report DOT HS 807 288 National Technical Information Service Springfield. VA
- Saul, R.A. Farson, M. Guenther, D.A. 1986 “Component Head Test Accident Reconstruction Feasibility Analysis,” NHTSA Final Report National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA
- Rojanavanich, V. 1990 “Developments of a Coupled Impact Model and a Design Criterion for Evaluation of Bicycle Helmet Effectiveness,” The Ohio State University Columbus, OH
- Saul, R.A. 1991 “An Overview of the Mean Strain Criterion Development,” Project VRTC-88-0107, Report No. 880107-01
- Kim, J.S. Stalnaker, R.L. 1990 “Computer Simulation of the Translational Energy Criteria,” User Manual Ohio State University Columbus, OH
- Ulman, M.S. Stalnaker, R.L. 1986 “Evaluation of the AIS As a Measure of Probability of Death,” Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 105 119
- Stalnaker, R.L. Rojanavanich, V. 1990 “A Practical Application of The Translational Energy Criteria: Evaluation of Baseball and Softball Head Impact Injury Potentials,” Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 225 243
- Burke, W.V. Hines, M.H. Stalnaker, R.L. 1992 “Brain Injury Prediction Using the Translational Energy Criterion: An Experimental Study,” Report DOT HS 808 093 National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA
- Hodgson, V.R. Brinn, J. Thomas, L.M. Greenberg, S.W. 1970 “Fracture Behavior of the Skull Frontal Bone Against Cylindrical Surfaces,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 341 355
- Hodgson, V.R. Thomas, L.M. 1973 “Breaking Strength of the Human Skull versus Impact Surface Curvature,” Report DOT HS 801 002 National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA
- Stalnaker, R.L. Melvin, J.M. Nusholtz, G.S. Alem, N.M. Benson, J.B. 1977 “Head Impact Response,” Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference 305 335
- The Abbreviated Injury Scale 1990 Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Des Plaines, IL
- Viano, D.C. Melvin, J.W. McCleary, J.D. Madeira, R.G. Shee, T.R. Horsch, J.D. 1986 “Measurement of Head Dynamics and Facial Contact Forces in the Hybrid III Dummy,” Proceedings of the Thirtieth Stapp Car Crash Conference 269 289
- Mendis, K. 1992 “Finite Element Modeling of the Brain to Establish Diffuse Axonal Injury Criteria,” The Ohio State University Columbus, OH