This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Energy and Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicle Battery Production and Recycling
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Electric vehicle batteries use energy and generate environmental residuals when they are produced and recycled. This study estimates, for four selected battery types (advanced lead-acid, sodium-sulfur, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride), the impacts of production and recycling of the materials used in electric vehicle batteries. These impacts are compared, with special attention to the locations of the emissions. It is found that the choice among batteries for electric vehicles involves tradeoffs among impacts. For example, although the nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries are similar, energy requirements for production of the cadmium electrodes may be higher than those for the metal hydride electrodes, but the latter may be more difficult to recycle.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | Performance Data from an Improved Sodium/Nickel Chloride Cell |
Technical Paper | A New Battery System for the Estima Hybrid Minivan |
Journal Article | Electro-Thermal Modeling of a Lithium-ion Battery System |
Citation
Gaines, L. and Singh, M., "Energy and Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicle Battery Production and Recycling," SAE Technical Paper 951865, 1995, https://doi.org/10.4271/951865.Also In
References
- Moore, T. “Producing a Near-Term EV Battery,” EPRI Journal 6 13 April May 1994
- Technical Summary Horizon Advanced Battery Technology, Electrosource, Inc. Austin, Texas 1993
- “Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Electric Vehicles-Life-Cycle Environmental and Safety Issues,” Dec. 1993
- 1991 Minerals Yearbook U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines Washington, D.C. 1993
- Hudson, C.L. Energy Requirements for Used in Vehicles Characterized for the TAPCUT Project Nov. 1981
- Leiby, R. “Secondary Smelting at East Penn Manufacturing,” Fifth International Seminar on Battery Waste Management Deerfield Beach, Fla. Nov. 1993
- “Background Reports for AP-42,” 1995
- Buonicore, A. Davis W. Air Pollution Engineering Manual Air and Waste Management Association Van Nostrand Reinhold New York, N.Y. 1992
- Gaines, L.L. Shen S.Y. Energy and Materials Flows in the Production of Olefins and their Derivatives Argonne National Laboratory AN/CNSV-9 Aug. 1980
- Smaga, J. Argonne National Laboratory 1994
- Lee, A. Cole E. Paulson D. Electrolytic Method for Recovery of Lead from Scrap Batteries U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8857 1988
- Ohi, J. Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries for Electric and Vehicles, Volume I: Cell and Battery Safety National Renewable Energy Laboratory report NREL/TP-2624678 Sept. 1992
- Corbus, D. Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries for Electric and Vehicles, Volume II: Battery Recycling and Disposal National Renewable Energy Laboratory report NREL/TP-262-4680 Sept. 1992
- DeLuchi, M. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from the Use of Transportation Fuels and Electricity Argonne National Laboratory report ANL/ESD/TM-22 1991
- Haskins, H. Reitz G. “Sodium-Sulfur Battery Development for an Advanced Vehicle Powertrain (ETX),” Eighth International Electric Vehicle Symposium Oct. 1986 Electric Vehicles: A Decade of Transition Society of Automotive Engineers SAE PT-40 1992
- Energy Use Patterns in Metallurgical and Nonmetallic Mineral Processing 1975
- Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Volume 21 Wiley-lnterscience New York, N.Y. 1983
- Rasmussen, J. Silent Power Salt Lake City, Utah Aug. 1994
- Miller, G. McEntire B. Gordon R. “Production Economics - The Driving Force Behind the Development of B“-Alumina Electrolytes,” AIME Oct. 12-14 1981
- German Patent Number DE 42 27 511 C1 Silent Power GmbH July 7 1993
- Shemmans, M. ABB Toronto, Ontario Aug. 1994
- Morrow, H. The International Cadmium Association Washington, D.C. Feb. 1995
- Llewellyn, T. Annual Report, Cadmium 1992 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines July 1993
- Kuck, P. U.S. Bureau of Mines Washington, D. C.
- Kuck, P. Annual Report, Nickel 1992 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines Dec. 1993
- Singh, M. et al. Environmental Assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program Argonne National Laboratory report ANL/CNSV-13 1980
- Ovshinsky, S. et al. “A Nickel Metal Hydride Battery for Electric Vehicles,” Science 260 176 181 April 1993
- Ovshinsky, S.R. et al. “Ovonic NiMH Batteries for Portable and EV Applications,” Eleventh Seminar on Primary and Secondary Battery Technology and Application March 1 1994
- Lyman, J.W. Palmer G.R. “Recycling of NickelMetal Hydride Battery Scrap,” 186th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society Miami Beach, Fla. Oct. 1994
- Corbus, D. et al. Current Status of Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues of Nickel Metal-Hydride Batteries for Electric Vehicles National renewable energy Laboratory report NREL/TP-463-5475 Aug. 1993
- Sabatini, J.C et al. Feasibility Study for the Recycling of Nickel Metal Hydride Electric Vehicle Batteries, Final Report National Renewable Energy Laboratory report NRELVTP-463-61 53 Jan. 1994
- Gifford, P. Ovonic Battery Corp. Troy, Mich. Nov. 1994
- Lyman, J. U.S. Bureau of Mines Washington, D. C. 1994